“…Further guidance on how to evaluate value added by internal auditing, considering stakeholder perspectives, is needed (IIARF, 2015). This need is amplified by the subjective nature of value added, as well as the need for further research into the perceptions of stakeholders (Sarens and De Beelde, 2006a;D'Onza et al, 2015;Lenz and Hahn, 2015;Kidron et al, 2016). Even though different stakeholders[2] may hold contrasting expectations of how value can be added by the internal audit function (Lenz and Hahn, 2015;Erasmus and Coetzee, 2018;Lenz et al, 2018), an unanswered question remains: How can the perceived value added by internal auditing be evaluated?…”