New Perspectives of Using Chitosan, Silver, and Chitosan–Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria

Abstract

materials are typically developed at a critical length of under 100 nm. However, other phenomena, such as transparency and stable dispersion, can occasionally extend the upper limit, and the use of the prefix "nano" is accepted for dimensions smaller than 500 nm. [2] Two relevant factors differentiate nanomaterials from macroscopic materials: first, the quantum effect that can promote changes in physical properties, such as color and electrical conductivity, and second, the surface effect related to the increased surface area to volume ratio that favors physical and chemical interactions between atoms and the surrounding environment. [3] NPs are of the same order of magnitude as antibodies, membrane receptors, nucleic acids, proteins, and other biomolecules, thus representing a potential material to be used in medicine for imaging applications, diagnosis, therapies, or in medical devices. [4] The small size and large surface area of NPs facilitate their permeation through cell membranes and enhance their biological activity. [5] Microbial colonization of medical devices leads to the formation of microbial or fungal biofilms, which are complex assemblages of microbial cells associated with a surface and incorporated into an extracellular matrix. [6] Biofilms are critical clinical issues because they culminate in the pathogenesis of numerous bacterial infections that are difficult to treat and effectively eradicate with antibiotics. [7] Biofilm formation can occur in three stages: attachment, maturation, and dispersion. The attachment step can be further categorized in two-stage processes: initial reversible attachment and irreversible attachment, in which the attached biofilm can tolerate strong shear forces. [8] The bacteria deposition is mediated by sedimentation, Brownian motion, and hydrodynamic forces, whereas adhesion is governed by Van der Waals, acid-base, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interaction forces. [9] Attachment is the most crucial phase to prevent bacterial adhesion because the antimicrobial action becomes less effective after biofilm formation. [10] Medical devices commonly affected by microbial contamination and biofilm formation are catheters, probes, and wound dressings. Catheters are used in patients to administer fluids, blood products, and parenteral nutrition. [6] Most nosocomial infections in intensive care units (ICUs) are associated with the insertion and maintenance of central venous catheters Nanomaterials with antimicrobial activity are promising alternatives to overcome microbial resistance in medical devices. Catheters, probes, and wound dressings are among the medical devices mostly affected by microbial contamination and the formation of polymicrobial biofilms. Nanoparticles (NPs) derived from natural sources, such as chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs), and metal-based nanoparticles, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are receiving increased interest in nanomedicine. CsNPs have been widely explored as a coating material and antimicrobial agent. AgNPs have a strong antimicrobi...

Characterization and Genome Analysis of Arthrobacter bangladeshi sp. nov., Applied for the Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Efficacy against Drug-Resistant Human Pathogens

“…The MBC of Arthrobacter bangladeshi MAHUQ-56 T -mediated synthesized AgNPs for both S. typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica was 12.5 ug/mL (Figure 9, Table 6). This MBC value was also significantly lower that of some other antibacterial agents against both S. typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica [47][48][49][50].…”

“…Several studies reported that the MIC values of olive-oil polyphenol extract and Licochalcone A against S. Typhimurium were 625 and 62.5-1000 ug/mL, respectively [47,48]. Similarly, the MIC values of chitosan nanoparticles and Parrotia persica leaf extract against Y. enterocolitica were 1500 and 750 ug/mL, respectively [49,50]. MBC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that fully kills the tested pathogens.…”

Improving the Antimicrobial and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resins via Nanomodification: An Overview

“…Due to electronic, optical, and magnetic properties, multi-metallic nanoparticles were recently proposed as innovative antimicrobial agents, which could help to overcome antimicrobial resistance [ 32 ]. Chitosan and Chitosan/Ag NPs were also proposed as promising alternatives to overcome antimicrobial resistance in medical devices [ 33 ].…”

Electrospinning and Catalytic Properties of Cyclodextrin Functionalized Polyoxymethylene (POM) Nanofibers Supported by Silver Nanoparticles

“…POM microfiber is a well-investigated type of composite microfiber with excellent tensile strength to be used as framework to support β-CDs. The hydrophobic cavity of CDs allows them to form host-guest complexes with Ag nanoparticles in POM [18][19][20][21]. And to the best of our knowledge, the preparation of Ag/POM/β-CD composite microfiber matrices using electrospinning has not yet been reported.…”