New Poly(Ionic Liquid) Based Fiber for Determination of Oxytetracycline in Milk Samples by Application of SPME-CE Technique

Abstract

In this work, a procedure using solid phase microextraction in combination with capillary electrophoresis was developed for the determination of oxytetracycline in milk samples. The method involves the synthesis of poly(1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium) chloride film on a stainless-steel bar via electropolymerization and its use as an adsorbent for oxytetracycline (OT) by an ionic exchange mechanism. The coated fiber is then immersed in milk samples for retention of oxytetracycline residues, followed by elution, drying, and reconstitution before analysis with capillary electrophoresis. The proposed method achieves a limit of detection of 70 µg L−1 with adequate precision and uncertainty, making this methodology appropriate for the determination of OT in milk samples. The method was applied to the pre-concentration and quantification of oxytetracycline in ten commercial milk samples. Two tested samples were positive for the presence of oxytetracycline but the concentration was below the maximum residue limit according to the international normative standard. The proposed methodology was evaluated according to the Eco-Scale approach, and the total score of 51 indicated that the methodology proposed is both green and acceptable despite the multi-stage character. SPME-CE methodology allows us to perform the sample pre-treatment and determination of OT in an effective and greener way, decreasing the number of steps during the analysis and the generation of waste.

Veterinary Drug Residues in Animal-Derived Foods: Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods

“…The LODs obtained were 18.60–23.83 μg/L for the four analytes, with inter- and intraday repeatabilities <10%. To date, the CE method is widely used to detect various veterinary drugs in animal-derived foods [ 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 ].…”

Applications of capillary electrophoresis in the fields of environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical, and food analysis (2019–2021)

“…By detecting different concentrations of ciprofloxacin, the reaction curve of the MCE device for dairy products was obtained for quantitative analysis of ciprofloxacin in milk [107]. In addition, Ferreira et al [108] proposed a method named SPE-CE for the determination of oxytetracycline in milk. Also, the use of new iodine-based adsorbent in the analytical process can retain residual oxytetracycline in milk samples.…”

“…In addition, Ferreira et al. [108] proposed a method named SPE‐CE for the determination of oxytetracycline in milk. Also, the use of new iodine‐based adsorbent in the analytical process can retain residual oxytetracycline in milk samples.…”

Ionic Liquid in Phosphoric Acid-Doped Polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI) as Electrolyte Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells: A Review

“…However, high concentrations of PA are highly corrosive, and this initiated major problems that included damaging the mechanical structure of the cells. Additionally, at higher temperatures, hydration of phosphoric acid and formation of pyrophosphoric acid oligomers reduced the conductivity of PA/PBI [102][103][104]. Therefore, several approaches were proposed, and recently, ILs were presented as a promising solution.…”