“…Relevant research includes the studies performed by Baehre (1975), Hetrakul and Yu (1978), Wing (1981), Packer (1984), Santaputra et al (1989), Studnicka (1990), Bhakta et al (1992), Prabhakaran (1993), Cain et al (1995), and Gerges (1997). In parallel with these studies on carbon steel, research was also conducted by Tsai (1987), Bakker and Stark (1994), Hancock (1992, 1995), Hofmeyer et al (2001) and Young and Hancock (2001) where analytical models for various types of cross-sections are proposed.…”