New progress in the pharmacology of protocatechuic acid: A compound ingested in daily foods and herbs frequently and heavily

Song, Jiao; He, Yanan; Luo, Chuanhong; Feng, Bo; Fei, Ran; Xu, Hong; Ci, Zhimin; Xu, Rui‐hua; Han, Li; Zhang, Dingkun

doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105109

Cited by 166 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 178 publications

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“…Furthermore, protocatechuic acid, 18.51 mg/g (peak 1), sinapic acid, 8.81 mg/g (peak 4), and hydroxygallic acid, 7.65 mg/g (peak 9), were identified as the major phenolic acids in the EtOAc fraction. A previous study reported that protocatechuic acid, a natural phenolic acid found in numerous diets, including vegetables, fruits, teas, and grains, significantly decreased the expression and production of inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 and BV-2 cells stimulated with LPS through NF-κB and MAPKs pathways, and can increase the suppression of tumor cell growth and induce caspase-mediated apoptosis on many types of cancer cells [ 59 ]. Sinapic acid is one of the most hydroxycinnamic acids in a broad range of plants with medicinal benefits in chronic inflammatory disease and anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties [ 60 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (Oryza sativa L.) Extract and Its Fractions

Thepthanee

Liu

et al. 2021

Foods

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Black rice leaves (Oryza sativa L.) are a major part of rice straw left in open fields after rice harvest as agricultural waste. In this study, crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and various solvent fractions (hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and aqueous fractions) of black rice leaves were investigated for their bioactive compound contents as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The results demonstrated that among all the fractions, the n-BuOH fraction presented the greatest contents of total phenolics and flavonoids, while anthocyanins were found to be abundant in the n-BuOH and aqueous fractions, which also exhibited powerful antioxidant abilities according to DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging assays and a reducing power assay. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, CEE and EtOAc reduced the production of NO and cytokine secretion (PGE2, IL-6, and IL-1β) but displayed less effect on tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. They also significantly decreased iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Additionally, the phenolics-rich ethyl acetate fraction showed the greatest activity against HepG2 liver carcinoma cells, inhibited cell growth, increased the Sub-G1 population, and induced apoptosis via mitochondrion-dependent mechanisms. In conclusion, black rice leaves, a byproduct of rice, exhibited strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer capacities and might be useful for application in functional foods and the pharmaceutical industry.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (Oryza sativa L.) Extract and Its Fractions

Thepthanee

Liu

et al. 2021

Foods

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“…PCAC, PCAL, and other polyphenols like gallic, vanillic, caffeic, and ferulic acids are also found in cork [10]. Both catechol-containing compounds exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, for example, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities for PCAC [11][12][13][14][15][16] and for PCAL [17,18]. Moreover, PCAC and PCAL are most abundant in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a traditional Chinese herbal drug for the treatment of heart diseases [12,13,19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes with Catechol-Containing Antioxidants Protocatechuic Aldehyde and Protocatechuic Acid—An Atomistic Perspective on Structural and Thermodynamic Stabilities

Aree

2021

Molecules

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Protocatechuic aldehyde (PCAL) and protocatechuic acid (PCAC) are catechol derivatives and have broad therapeutic effects associated with their antiradical activity. Their pharmacological and physicochemical properties have been improved via the cyclodextrin (CD) encapsulation. Because the characteristics of b-CD inclusion complexes with PCAL (1) and PCAC (2) are still equivocal, we get to the bottom of the inclusion complexation by an integrated study of single-crystal X-ray diffraction and DFT full-geometry optimization. X-ray analysis unveiled that PCAL and PCAC are nearly totally shielded in the b-CD wall. Their aromatic rings are vertically aligned in the b-CD cavity such that the functional groups on the opposite side of the ring (3,4-di(OH) and 1-CHO/1-COOH groups) are placed nearby the O6–H and O2–H/O3–H rims, respectively. The preferred inclusion modes in 1 and 2 help to establish crystal contacts of OH×××O H-bonds with the adjacent b-CD OH groups and water molecules. By contrast, the DFT-optimized structures of both complexes in the gas phase are thermodynamically stable via the four newly formed host–guest OH⋯O H-bonds. The intermolecular OH×××O H-bonds between PCAL/PCAC 3,4-di(OH) and b-CD O6–H groups, and the shielding of OH groups in the b-CD wall help to stabilize these antioxidants in the b-CD cavity, as observed in our earlier studies. Moreover, PCAL and PCAC in distinct lattice environments are compared for insights into their structural flexibility.

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“…Administration of PCA alleviated MSG-induced oxidative stress that was indicated by marked rises in the antioxidant enzymes activities and the level of GSH in both organs in addition to signi cant decreases in MDA levels. Studies have shown that the antioxidant potential of PCA is ten times than that of αtocopherol (Song et al 2020). The existence of hydroxyl groups in the chemical structure of PCA render it as a hydrogen atom donor for reduction of peroxyl radicals and halt their injurious action on the cellular membrane and cellular components (Owumi et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats

Kassab

Theyab

Al-Ghamdy

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used avor enhancer, has been reported to induce hepatic and renal dysfunctions. In this study, the palliative role of protocatechuic acid (PCA) in MSG-administered rats was elucidated. Adult male rats were assigned to four groups, namely control, MSG (4 mg/kg), PCA (100 mg/kg), and the last group was co-administered MSG and PCA at aforementioned doses for seven days. Results showed that MSG augmented the hepatic (AST and ALT) and renal (urea and creatinine) functions markers as well as glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL levels. Moreover, marked increases in MDA levels accompanied by declines in GSH levels and notable decreases in the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR were observed in MSG-treated group. The MSG-mediated oxidative stress was further con rmed by down-regulation of Nfe2l2 gene expression levels in both tissues. In addition, MSG enhanced the hepatorenal in ammatory response as witnessed by increased in ammatory cytokines (IL-1b and TNF-α) and elevated NF-κB levels in both tissues. Further, signi cant increases in Bax (proapoptotic biomarker) levels together with decreases in Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic marker) levels were observed in MSG administration. Hepatic and renal histopathological screening supported the biochemical and molecular ndings. On the contrary, co-treatment of rats with PCA resulted in remarkable enhancement of the antioxidant cellular capacity, suppression of in ammatory mediators and apoptosis. These effects are possibly endorsed for activation of Nrf-2 and suppression of NF-kB signaling pathways. Collectively, addition of PCA counteracted MSG-induced hepatic and renal injurious effects through modulation of oxidative, in ammatory and apoptotic alterations.

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New progress in the pharmacology of protocatechuic acid: A compound ingested in daily foods and herbs frequently and heavily

Cited by 166 publications

References 178 publications

Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (Oryza sativa L.) Extract and Its Fractions

Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Black Rice Leaf (Oryza sativa L.) Extract and Its Fractions

β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes with Catechol-Containing Antioxidants Protocatechuic Aldehyde and Protocatechuic Acid—An Atomistic Perspective on Structural and Thermodynamic Stabilities

Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats

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