New proposed system for freeze water desalination using auto reversed R-22 vapor compression heat pump

Attia, Ahmed A.A.

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2009.11.030

Cited by 81 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Numerous research has been carried out to find the correlations between water quality, bacterial sensitivity and UV disinfection efficiency [10]- [12], the impact of cold temperatures on UV disinfection processes, especially, the responses of the pathogenic microorganisms after experiencing freezing to UV is however seldom examined [13], [14]. As a treatment alternative, natural or mechanical freezing has been used for various water or wastewater treatment, sludge pre-treatment or conditioning, and desalination [15]- [19]. Depending on the requirements of the finished water quality, UV disinfection may be needed after freezing treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of Different Strains of Enterococcus faecalis to UV Inactivation after Freezing

Gao¹,

Williams²

2013

IJESD

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Abstract-Response of two strains of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria, ATCC strain 29212 and ATCC strain 51299 (vancomycin resistant) to UV inactivation after survived freezing treatment was examined. The test microorganisms were frozen at -7 °C, -15 °C or -30 °C with one, three or five freeze and thaw cycles prior to UV irradiation to investigate the effect of freezing temperature and freeze thaw cycles on the efficacy of UV inactivation. Experimental results suggest that freezing influenced the response of Enterococcus faecalis cells to UV irradiation. Freezing treated cells behaved differently compared to those had not frozen.Index Terms-Enterococcus faecalis, freezing treatment, UV disinfection, waterborne pathogens, water and wastewater treatment. I. INTRODUCTIONConventional municipal wastewater treatment systems can significantly reduce the population of microorganisms; however, after treatment wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents may still contain high numbers of fecal bacteria. Published research data indicated that the portion of pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria in WWTP effluent remained at significant concentrations or even increase [1]- [5]. Release of pathogenic and antibiotic resistant microorganisms with WWTP effluents is a growing public health concern [6], [7]. Multiple antibiotic resistant fecal coliforms and enterococci including vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) have been detected in influent, effluent, and sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants [8][9]. WWTPs provide a favorable environment for gene transfer due to high bacterial densities and nutritional richness of the influents [4], [8], [9]. Applications of UV disinfection in water and wastewater treatment systems have increased in recent years in Canada. Numerous research has been carried out to find the correlations between water quality, bacterial sensitivity and UV disinfection efficiency [10]-[12], the impact of cold temperatures on UV disinfection processes, especially, the responses of the pathogenic microorganisms after experiencing freezing to UV is however seldom examined [13], [14]. As a treatment alternative, natural or mechanical freezing has been used for various water or wastewater treatment, sludge pre-treatment or conditioning, and desalination [15]-[19]. Depending on the requirements of the finished water quality, UV disinfection may be needed after freezing treatment. Waterborne microorganisms might behave differently to UV Manuscript received December 5, 2012; revised February 27, 2013. W. Gao is with Department of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada (e-mail: wagao@lakeheadu.ca).irradiation after survived freezing compared to those without experience freezing [13], [14], [20]. A recent study by Williams at al. [14] revealed that after freezing waterborne microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Bacillus behaved differently to UV irradiation compared to those had not frozen. Freezing affected the response of these microbes, a lower UV inactivat...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of Different Strains of Enterococcus faecalis to UV Inactivation after Freezing

Gao¹,

Williams²

2013

IJESD

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“…For example, freeze desalination systems require six times lower energy to obtain 1 kg of fresh water compared to MSF. Since compression work is a major cost parameter in freezing, renewable resources may be used to make the technology costefficient (Rahman, Ahmed, and Chen 2006;Attia 2010). Recently, researchers are also indicating the possibility of using waste energy application for freeze desalination like Liquefied natural gas (LNG) for energy saving, hence the technology is become promising (Wang and Chung 2012;Chang et al 2016b).…”

Section: Energy Efficiency Insights Of Freeze Desalinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, researchers are also indicating the possibility of using waste energy application for freeze desalination like Liquefied natural gas (LNG) for energy saving, hence the technology is become promising (Wang and Chung 2012;Chang et al 2016b). Furthermore, according to Attia (2010), the cost of freeze desalination using an auto-reversed R-22 vapor compression heat pump is 50% lower than most efficient methods reviewed previously (Lara, Noyes, and Holtzapple 2008). Rice and Chau also elaborated the idea of using hydraulic refrigerant in freeze desalination plants, stating that freeze desalination is much more attractive than it has been in the past and should be reconsidered and compared with other means of desalination with regard to energy efficiency and other operating parameters (Rice and Chau 1997).…”

Section: Energy Efficiency Insights Of Freeze Desalinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freeze Desalination as Point of Use Water Treatment Technology: A Case of Chromium (VI) Removal from Water

Melak

Ambelu

Laing

et al. 2017

The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences

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Options to develop tanning industries could be hindered even in the presence of huge leather industry raw materials due to the requirements of high-tech contaminant removal technologies, especially in developing countries. This study was initiated to investigate the efficiency of freeze desalination for Cr(VI) removal using refrigerators to generate fresh water. Synthetic solutions that represent major ion compositions of drinking water as well as deionized water to which known concentrations of Cr(VI) spiked into it, were added and frozen in a closed freezer unit. The effects of different parameters such as initial concentration, freeze duration, ice nucleation, fraction of ice volume, and influence of co-occurring ions were evaluated in relation to the quality of produced ice. The physicochemical characteristics of the produced meltwater were also evaluated. A high total water recovery of up to 85% was achieved in the experimental evaluation. Cr(VI) removal efficiency of up to 80% from simulated tap and 93 to 97% for deionized water spiked with Cr(VI) were found in this batch partial freezing. Freeze desalination was found to be relatively viable desalination technology in terms of quality of water produced, options on the use of cost effective refrigerants and technologies which could have a pertinent importance to save energy consumption of freezers.

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“…In comparison to other desalination processes, significance for freeze desalination (FD) is perceived owing it has many advantages [9][10][11][12][13][14]. The salts are rejected in freeze desalination as the formation of ice prevents inclusion of any solutes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is due to the nature of the ice crystal lattice only formed by pure water without any solutes, which is called the water solidification phenomena [9][10]. The latent heat of fusion is 335 kJ/kg and the latent heat of vaporization is 2256.7kJ/kg, thus indicating the low energy usage by the freeze desalination process [11][12]. A wide range of construction methods and a range of materials are acceptable in freeze desalination due to is low operating temperatures in comparison to other distillation processes that permits corrosion and scale formation [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect contact freeze water desalination for an ice maker machine – CFD simulation

2017

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Abstract. To offer for potable water shortages, sea water desalination is a potential solution for the global rising demand for fresh water. The latent heat of fusion is about one-seventh the latent heat of vaporisation, thus indicating the benefit of lower energy consumption for the freeze desalination process. Limited literature is reported on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on freeze desalination. Therefore, analysing and investigating thermodynamic processes are easily conducted by the powerful tool of CFD. A single unit of ice formation in an ice maker machine was modelled using ANSYS Fluent software three-dimensionally. Energy, species transport and solidification/melting modules were used in building the CFD model. Parametric analysis was conducted using the established CFD model to predict the effects of freezing temperature and the geometry of the ice maker machine; on ice production and the freezing time. Lower freezing temperatures allowed more ice production and faster freezing. Increasing the diameter and the length of the freezing tube enabled more ice to be produced.

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New proposed system for freeze water desalination using auto reversed R-22 vapor compression heat pump

Cited by 81 publications

References 4 publications

Response of Different Strains of Enterococcus faecalis to UV Inactivation after Freezing

Response of Different Strains of Enterococcus faecalis to UV Inactivation after Freezing

Freeze Desalination as Point of Use Water Treatment Technology: A Case of Chromium (VI) Removal from Water

Indirect contact freeze water desalination for an ice maker machine – CFD simulation

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