New psychoactive substances of natural origin: A brief review

Feng, Ling Yi; Battulga, Altansuvd; Han, Eunyoung; Chung, Heesun; Li, Jih Heng

doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2017.04.001

Cited by 70 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 82 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Furthermore, high or low affinity to modulation of noradrenergic systems might be anticipated to be associated with varying sympathetic nervous system activation, whereas activation of 5-HT2A/1A receptors would more likely predict hallucinogenic effects (Baumeister et al, 2015) (Table 1). Presenting with structural similarities to amphetamines (Feng et al, 2017), synthetic cathinones ([EMCDDA], 2017) are mostly inhibitors of the serotonin (SERT), dopamine (DAT) and noradrenaline (NET) transporters. These molecules can be further sub-categorised as: (1) cocaine/MDMA-like (3,4methylenedioxy-N-alkylated cathinones e.g.…”

Section: Novel Stimulants and Novel Psychedelics Including Psychedelmentioning

confidence: 99%

New/emerging psychoactive substances and associated psychopathological consequences

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background The present paper provides an updated review of both the large number of new/novel/emerging psychoactive substances (NPS) and their associated psychopathological consequences. Focus was here given on identification of those NPS being commented in specialised online sources and the related short-/long-term psychopathological and medical ill-health effects. Methods NPS have been identified through an innovative crawling/navigating software, called the ‘NPS.Finder®’, created in order to facilitate the process of early recognition of NPS online. A range of information regarding NPS, including chemical and street names; chemical formula; three-dimensional image and anecdotally reported clinical/psychoactive effects, were here made available. Results Using the ‘NPS.Finder®’ approach, a few thousand NPS were here preliminarily identified, a number which is about 4-fold higher than those figures suggested by European and international drug agencies. NPS most commonly associated with the onset of psychopathological consequences included here synthetic cannabinoids/cannabimimetics; new synthetic opioids; ketamine-like dissociatives; novel stimulants; novel psychedelics and several prescription and over-the-counter medicines. Conclusions The ever-increasing changes in terms of recreational psychotropics' availability represent a relatively new challenge for psychiatry, as the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of many NPS have not been thoroughly understood. Health/mental health professionals should be informed about the range of NPS; their intake modalities; their psychoactive sought-after effects; the idiosyncratic psychotropics' combinations and finally, their medical and psychopathological risks.

show abstract

Section: Novel Stimulants and Novel Psychedelics Including Psychedelmentioning

confidence: 99%

New/emerging psychoactive substances and associated psychopathological consequences

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cathinones are typically categorised based on either their pharmacological action or properties, or in comparison to traditional stimulant drugs (for a review of the issue, see). Some classifications consider their effects in relation to different substrates or non‐substrate transporter inhibitors .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The clinical challenges of synthetic cathinones

Schifano

Napoletano

Arillotta

et al. 2020

Brit J Clinical Pharma

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims Within the new psychoactive substances (NPS) scenario, several hundred different molecules, mostly including synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones, have been identified so far. The aims of the paper were to: (i) identify the number of synthetic cathinones mentioned in a range of psychonaut, NPS‐related, online sources; and (ii) describe the associated acute/long term clinical scenario and the related treatment/management plan. Methods After about 18 months of operation and exclusion of false positives/duplicates, some 4204 unique NPS molecules were included in the NPSfinder® crawling/navigating software database. Most popular NPS included: 1265 psychedelic phenethylamines (30.1%; confidence interval [CI] 95%: 28.7–31.5%); 1253 synthetic cannabinoids (29.8%; CI 95%: 28.4–31.2%); 429 synthetic opioids (10.2%; CI 95%: 9.3–10.2%); and 171 synthetic cathinones (4.1%; CI 95% 3.5–4.7%). Conversely, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction databases respectively included 169 and 140 cathinones. Overall, the 3 databases reported some 222 synthetic cathinones, and 41 were uniquely identified by the NPSfinder®. Results In terms of clinical scenarios, synthetic cathinone ingestion is initially associated with stimulant effects; however, psychopathological disturbances, violence, suicidal behaviour, hyperthermia, coma and death have also been described. Conclusion The proportion of cathinones commented on by psychonaut fora appeared to be relatively small, and similar to those reported by both the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. This may be associated with a recent significant decline in both cathinone‐related consumption and acute medical presentation. Due to their complex behavioural and medical toxicity issues, healthcare professionals should be, however, be educated to recognise the signs and symptoms of NPS, including synthetic cathinone, ingestion.

show abstract

“…They are available and affordable in many countries and sold under different names including brand names such as Mr. Nice guy, Tripe, Mabsatone, Mastalone and Spice/K2 or under their traditional drug names such as Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Ecstasy. As a result, many users do not know exactly what NPS they have used (Feng et al 2017). Synthetic cannabinoids constitute the majority of NPS items and analogues of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol from cannabis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug use and possession, emerging of new psychoactive substances in the West Bank, Palestine

Damiri

Sayeh

Odeh

et al. 2018

Egypt J Forensic Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The use of illicit drugs has seen an upswing during the last years in the West Bank. Political, social, economic, and demographic factors may play roles in the increasing use of illicit drugs in the West Bank. This study aimed to describe drug possession among Palestinians in order to provide insight into the extent of illicit substances use, to assess their risk, and to explore new forms in order to raise awareness of these drugs. Files (3674) related to drug possession in Anti narcotic drug departments in the West Bank from 2010to 2014 were reviewed and analysed. Results: Most arrestees (99%) were males, (55.9%) aged 18-< 30, (48.8%) singles, (56.7%) with a primary level of education, and (81.8%) had used drugs for a year or more. The most common seized and used substances were cannabis, hashish (74.3%) and marijuana (15.2%), followed by synthetic cannabinoids, hydro (26.6%). MDMA (Ecstasy) was used (3.6%) more than LSD (3.1%) and more than heroin and cocaine combined (3.3%). Liquid methamphetamine was emerged as a new homemade yellow substance, with a street name (GG) that is used for improving libido. Attempts to cultivate marijuana using 31,116 seedlings and seeds were recorded. Conclusion: Tracking the possession of high-risk drugs and new psychoactive substances in a society is important for policy makers in order to investigate the circumstances and impact of these substances. There is a trend in emerging new psychoactive substances (synthetic cannabinoids), manufacturing a new drug (liquid methamphetamine), and cultivating illegal drugs (marijuana) starting from the year 2013. These results are important for prevention, treatment and control, and for law enforcement in the West Bank. Policies, strategies and action plans in the controlling new substances should be developed taking into account local and regional socioeconomic issues.

show abstract

New psychoactive substances of natural origin: A brief review

Cited by 70 publications

References 82 publications

New/emerging psychoactive substances and associated psychopathological consequences

New/emerging psychoactive substances and associated psychopathological consequences

The clinical challenges of synthetic cathinones

Drug use and possession, emerging of new psychoactive substances in the West Bank, Palestine

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About