New reactive polymeric systems for use as waveguide materials in integrated optics

Abstract

Cross-linked polymeric materials are used in a wide range of applications. Special compositions are used in micro-system technologies and its utilization is extending to integrated optics. We have been working for several years in the field of polymers for optical applications. Highly fluorinated polycyanurate systems have been proven as promising waveguide materials in integrated optics. The refractive index can be adjusted reproducibly in a wide range almost continuously. The layer quality was optimized. Low optical losses of less than 0.3 dB/cm@1550nm were obtained and working optical prototypes were developed. The birefringence had been a major problem, but this was solved by adjusting the coefficient of thermal expansion of substrate and film. We will report in this paper on the polycyanurate ester resins and the new triazine containing polymeric systems

Dendrimers based on [1,3,5]‐triazines

“…In addition, cyclotrimerization routes have been used to produce materials relevant for integrated optics (see the Energy-Harvesting and -Emitting Applications section). 16 In all the cycloaddition procedures, the chemistry of the iterative process is the same: cyanoethylation of a pendant amine forms a dendron with twice the number of nitrile groups. Subsequent elaboration of the dendron by cycloaddition between the peripheral nitriles and nitrile-substituted guanidine derivatives increases the dendrimer generation.…”

“…The synthesis involved the treatment of a disubstituted triazine derivative with p-nitroaniline (15), followed by the reduction of the nitro group to unmask an amine group (16). The product of this reaction was then treated with a dichlorotriazine derivative, 17, to increase the generation of the dendron (18 and 19, Scheme 7).…”

“…More recently, a series of dendritic polymers based on the triazine unit were investigated for integrated optics applications. 16 A preliminary examination of the materials indicates that they have good thermal stability and optical losses at 1550 nm of 0.28-0.44 dB/cm. The patent literature likely harbors many triazines for use in integrated optics, but this topic is outside the focus of this review as most of these molecules appear not to be dendrimers but polymeric products derived from the community interested in cyanate esters.…”

Preparation, characterization and properties of fluorinated and non-fluorinated copolymers of cyanate esters

“….4 Thicknesses of BACy thin films of different solution concentrations Table 4.5 Thicknesses of BACy thin films of different spin speeds Table 4.6 Thicknesses of BACy thin films of different spin times Table 4.7 Assignment of the main bands of FTIR spectra of cyanate ester monomer and polymer Table 5.1 Dielectric properties of polycyanurate systems at 75 °C and 10,000 Hz 90 Table 8.1 Parameters of variable '«' kinetics model forDFCy 193 Table 9.1 Curing kinetics parameters for BACy 202 properties can be further adjusted and improved by changing the backbone structure and by blending or copolymerizing with other polycyanurate resins or other thermosetting and thermoplastic polymer systems according to the specific requirements [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Although currently polycyanurates are mainly used in aerospace structural composites [21 -24] and printed circuit board industries [25,26] and these applications mainly concern their mechanical and dielectric properties of the bulk materials, new interests in optical or photonic [27][28][29][30][31][32][33], thin films [34][35][36][37][38] and nanocomposite applications [39,40] have evolved recently and they are expected to enthuse researchers for a long period of time in the future. ...…”

“…Some are commercially available, making it convenient to choose suitable materials to meet specific application requirements [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. Furthermore, polycyanurate resins are expected to exhibit low optical loss and tunable refractive index due to their high free volume, low polarity, high purity and various backbone structures, in addition to their other amazing properties such as high thermal stability, good adhesive to substrate and low dielectric constant, polycyanurates would have great possibility for new applications in photonic or optical interconnections and devices [27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. However, so far the studies on the optical properties of cyanate ester resins such as refractive index,…”