New Records and Taxonomic Position of Snakes of the Genus &lt;i&gt;Gloydius&lt;/i&gt; Hoge et Romano-Hoge, 1983 (Crotalinae, Viperidae, Ophidia, Reptilia) in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), with Comments on Their Distribution in the Eastern Siberia and the Far East,

Orlov, Nikolai L.; Боескоров, Г. Г.; Protopopov, Spiridon G.; Nogovitsyn, P. R.; Kolodeznikov, Vassily E.; Щелчкова, М. В.; Kropachev, Ivan I.

doi:10.30906/1026-2296-2019-25-4-275-282

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“…They were initially considered to comprise eight species, including P. cornutus , P. elegans , P. flavoviridis , P. jerdonii , P. kaulbacki , P. mucrosquamatus , P. tokarensis , and P. xiangchengensis [ 15 ]. Due to seven more members ( P. dabieshanensis , P. himalayanus , P. kelomohy , P. mangshanensis , P. maolanensis , P. sieversorum , and P. trungkhanensis ) having been designated or revised from synonymous species over the last two decades, habu snakes were recently recognized to comprise 15 validated species [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Phylogenetic analysis based on multilocus gene markers robustly classified 14 habu snakes into four clades, in which the first clade comprises P. himalayanus , P. kaulbacki , and P. sieversorum and the second clade only comprises P. mangshanensis , while the other two clades contain the remaining four and six Protobothrops species, respectively [ 21 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

Phylogeny-Related Variations in Venomics: A Test in a Subset of Habu Snakes (Protobothrops)

Zhao

Sun

et al. 2023

Toxins

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We conducted a comparative analysis to unveil the divergence among venoms from a subset of Old World habu snakes (Protobothrops) in terms of venomic profiles and toxicological and enzymatic activities. A total of 14 protein families were identified in the venoms from these habu snakes, and 11 of them were shared among these venoms. The venoms of five adult habu snakes were overwhelmingly dominated by SVMP (32.56 ± 13.94%), PLA2 (22.93 ± 9.26%), and SVSP (16.27 ± 4.79%), with a total abundance of over 65%, while the subadult P. mangshanensis had an extremely low abundance of PLA2 (1.23%) but a high abundance of CTL (51.47%), followed by SVMP (22.06%) and SVSP (10.90%). Apparent interspecific variations in lethality and enzymatic activities were also explored in habu snake venoms, but no variations in myotoxicity were found. Except for SVSP, the resemblance of the relatives within Protobothrops in other venom traits was estimated to deviate from Brownian motion evolution based on phylogenetic signals. A comparative analysis further validated that the degree of covariation between phylogeny and venom variation is evolutionarily labile and varies among clades of closely related snakes. Our findings indicate a high level of interspecific variation in the venom proteomes of habu snakes, both in the presence or absence and the relative abundance of venom protein families, and that these venoms might have evolved under a combination of adaptive and neutral mechanisms.

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