“…They observed an improvement in corrosion resistance with increased B content. Similar electrochemical corrosion results were achieved during immersion in Ringer’s solution 22 – 24 . The good anticorrosive properties of such alloys were also resulted from the addition of gold as an alloying element 42 or as nanoparticles located in an applied coating 43 , 44 .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 79%
“…The lowest values of corrosion current density in Ringer’s solution were observed for alloys with 1 and 2 at.% addition of Au 22 – 24 . Figure 4 Changes of open-circuit potential with time ( a ) and polarization curves ( b ) of CaMgZnYbBAu alloys in a form of plates in Ringer’s solution at 37 °C 22 – 24 . …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 92%
“…The resorbable CaMgZnYbBAu alloys in a form of plates had an amorphous structure (Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 18, Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 16 B 2 ), an amorphous structure with some crystalline phases, such as CaZn, MgZn (Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 17 B 1 , Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 15 B 3 ) and an amorphous structure with CaZn, MgZn and CaZn 2 crystalline phases (Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 16 B 1 Au, Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 14 B 2 Au 2 ). All identified phases were embedded in the amorphous structure 22 – 24 . The structure studies of the alloys were completed by the surface topography analysis.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Changes of open-circuit potential with time ( a ) and polarization curves ( b ) of CaMgZnYbBAu alloys in a form of plates in Ringer’s solution at 37 °C 22 – 24 . …”
Calcium-based alloys can be promising candidates for use as biodegradable implants because of attractive properties as mechanical, corrosive, and biocompatible. In the work, the biocompatibility authors discussed the results of the Ca32Mg12Zn38Yb18−xBx (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 at.%) and Ca32Mg12Zn38Yb18−2xBxAux (x = 1, 2 at.%) alloys. The tests were performed using a MTT assay. The corrosion behavior of such Ca-based alloys in PWE fluid at 37 °C was studied and compared with the results in Ringer’s solution from previous works. Electrochemical tests were presented by open circuit potential and potentiodynamic curves. Different concentrations of boron and gold in the alloys caused changes in the corrosion results. The best corrosion resistance in PWE solution was observed for the Ca-based alloy with 2 at.% Au due to the lowest value of the corrosion current density (jcorr), equal to 10.6 µA·cm−2. A slightly higher value of jcorr was obtained for the Ca32Mg12Zn38Yb15B3 alloy with the lowest roughness values. The results of the cytotoxicity tests also showed that the alloy with 3 at.% boron was characterized by the highest cell viability. The investigation results discussed in the work allow us to suggest that the presented calcium alloys with 3 at.% of B, and 2 at.% of Au addition may be promising materials for the use in implantology.
“…They observed an improvement in corrosion resistance with increased B content. Similar electrochemical corrosion results were achieved during immersion in Ringer’s solution 22 – 24 . The good anticorrosive properties of such alloys were also resulted from the addition of gold as an alloying element 42 or as nanoparticles located in an applied coating 43 , 44 .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 79%
“…The lowest values of corrosion current density in Ringer’s solution were observed for alloys with 1 and 2 at.% addition of Au 22 – 24 . Figure 4 Changes of open-circuit potential with time ( a ) and polarization curves ( b ) of CaMgZnYbBAu alloys in a form of plates in Ringer’s solution at 37 °C 22 – 24 . …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 92%
“…The resorbable CaMgZnYbBAu alloys in a form of plates had an amorphous structure (Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 18, Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 16 B 2 ), an amorphous structure with some crystalline phases, such as CaZn, MgZn (Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 17 B 1 , Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 15 B 3 ) and an amorphous structure with CaZn, MgZn and CaZn 2 crystalline phases (Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 16 B 1 Au, Ca 32 Mg 12 Zn 38 Yb 14 B 2 Au 2 ). All identified phases were embedded in the amorphous structure 22 – 24 . The structure studies of the alloys were completed by the surface topography analysis.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Changes of open-circuit potential with time ( a ) and polarization curves ( b ) of CaMgZnYbBAu alloys in a form of plates in Ringer’s solution at 37 °C 22 – 24 . …”
Calcium-based alloys can be promising candidates for use as biodegradable implants because of attractive properties as mechanical, corrosive, and biocompatible. In the work, the biocompatibility authors discussed the results of the Ca32Mg12Zn38Yb18−xBx (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 at.%) and Ca32Mg12Zn38Yb18−2xBxAux (x = 1, 2 at.%) alloys. The tests were performed using a MTT assay. The corrosion behavior of such Ca-based alloys in PWE fluid at 37 °C was studied and compared with the results in Ringer’s solution from previous works. Electrochemical tests were presented by open circuit potential and potentiodynamic curves. Different concentrations of boron and gold in the alloys caused changes in the corrosion results. The best corrosion resistance in PWE solution was observed for the Ca-based alloy with 2 at.% Au due to the lowest value of the corrosion current density (jcorr), equal to 10.6 µA·cm−2. A slightly higher value of jcorr was obtained for the Ca32Mg12Zn38Yb15B3 alloy with the lowest roughness values. The results of the cytotoxicity tests also showed that the alloy with 3 at.% boron was characterized by the highest cell viability. The investigation results discussed in the work allow us to suggest that the presented calcium alloys with 3 at.% of B, and 2 at.% of Au addition may be promising materials for the use in implantology.
“…The composition of the magnesium alloy must be selected so as not to introduce toxic substances (elements) into the body. The low corrosion resistance of magnesium and calcium, especially in an electrolytic aqueous environment, is a major disadvantage in engineering applications; however, it becomes useful for biomaterials used for implants [ 28 ].…”
Magnesium-based alloys are widely used in the construction of automotive, aviation, and medical applications. The solutions presently used for the production of biodegradable materials are characterized by considerable energy consumption and limitations resulting from the use of different devices and technologies. The proposed material is easier to manufacture due to mechanical alloying (MA). Thanks to the MA process, it is possible to carefully tailor the desired chemical composition and microstructure. There are many parameters that can be modified during synthesis in order to obtain an alloy with the desired microstructure and specific expected alloy properties. The duration of grinding of the alloy, the size and number of balls, and the protective atmosphere have a great influence on the process of mechanical alloying and the properties of the obtained products. So, the aim of this work was to determine the influence of milling time on the phase composition and structure of Mg-based alloy synthesis products. The tested samples were milled for 5, 8, 13, 20, 30, 50, and 70 h. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy studies (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were performed to obtain the powder morphology and chemical composition of Mg66−xZn30Ca4Agx (where x = 1, 2) powders. Structure characterization based on the Rietveld refinement and crystallite size determination based on the Williamson–Hall theory of milling products were also carried out.
Earth‐rich Ca2+ ions for energy storage can endow batteries with low‐cost and high‐energy merits, yet remain hampered by difficult Ca2+ plating/stripping and (de)intercalation. Herein, by bridging Zn2+/Ca2+‐storage chemistries, a high‐voltage and stable Ca2+‐based hybrid battery (CHB) in a hetero‐solvation electrolyte (HSE) is initially achieved. With a [Ca2+(H2O)(acetonitrile)(CF3SO3)−] hetero‐solvation unit, the HSE not only allows a reversible in situ Zn stripping/plating to circumvent the low‐capacity/high‐potential limitation of non‐stripping/plating‐type anodes for Ca2+ storage but also effectively overcomes kinetics‐sluggish Ca2+ (de)intercalation usually occurring in conventional organic electrolytes. The acetonitrile‐rich water‐lean anode interface synergized by the electrostatic shielding effect of Ca2⁺ ions plays a conducive role in facilitating highly reversible Zn stripping/plating. Moreover, the lubricating/shielding properties of water molecules in the hetero‐solvation unit effectively boost the Ca2+/Zn2+ co‐insertion/extraction into/from the KNiMnPB/G cathode. Consequently, the HSE affords an endurable Zn stripping/plating over 1600 h, endows KNiMnPB/G//Zn battery with a high operating voltage of up to 1.85 V at 0.1 A g−1, and demonstrates decent stability over 400 cycles at 1 A g−1, outperforming most aqueous Ca2+‐based batteries with non‐stripping/plating‐type anodes. This work sheds new light on the development of high‐voltage aqueous CHBs by bridging Zn2+/Ca2+‐storage chemistries, which would boost to pursue other high‐energy multivalent‐ion batteries.
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