“…The Ant System (AS) was first introduced by Dorigo and his colleagues [18,19,20,23]. Since then, ACO algorithms have been applied to different problems such as the traveling salesman problem (TSP) [4,6,9,10,11,21,22,23,25,30,46], the quadratic assignment problem (QAP) [40,52], the generalized assignment problem [48], the vehicle routing problem [5,7,16,17,27], telecommunication networks [15], graph coloring [13,34,35], scheduling [1,12,14,32,42,43], the shortest supersequence problem [44,45], the Hamiltonian graph problem [55], the multiple knapsack problem [37], the sequential ordering problem [26], the redundancy allocation problem [39], water distribution network design [41], the constraint satisfaction problem [51], and continuous function problems [2,3,57]. Local search plays an important role in improving the solution quality of ACO algorithms.…”