New route toward nanosized crystalline metal borides with tuneable stoichiometry and variable morphologies

Gouget, Guillaume; Beaunier, Patricia; Portehault, David; Sánchez, Clément

doi:10.1039/c6fd00053c

Cited by 41 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…-Decreasing synthesis temperatures through liquid-phase pathways, especially with high temperature liquids. 27,[30][31][32]41 Different stimuli can trigger "nano-crystallization" in liquids, including microwaves 36,37 or, on the opposite, melt solidification. 58 Frequently raised issues of the aforementioned methods are scalability, environmental impact, cost and size distribution width.…”

Section: Conclusion Current and Future Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the Compositional Threshold of Nanoparticle-Based Materials

et al. 2018

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The design of inorganic nanoparticles relies strongly on the knowledge from solid-state chemistry not only for characterization techniques, but also and primarily for choosing the systems that will yield the desired properties. The range of inorganic solids reported and studied as nanoparticles is however strikingly narrow when compared to the solid-state chemistry portfolio of bulk materials. Efforts to enlarge the collection of inorganic particles are becoming increasingly important for three reasons. First, they can yield materials more performing than current ones for a range of fields including biomedicine, optics, catalysis, and energy. Second, looking outside the box of common compositions is a way to target original properties or to discover genuinely new behaviors. The third reason lies in the path followed to reach these novel nano-objects: exploration and setup of new synthetic approaches. Indeed, willingness to access original nanoparticles faces a synthetic challenge: how to reach nanoparticles of solids that originally belong to the realm of solid-state chemistry and its typical protocols at high temperature? To answer this question, alternative reaction pathways must be sought, which may in turn provide tracks for new, untargeted materials. The corresponding strategies require limiting particle growth by confinement at high temperatures or by decreasing the synthesis temperature. Both approaches, especially the latter, provide a nice playground to discover metastable solids never reported before. The aim of this Account is to raise attention to the topic of the design of new inorganic nanoparticles. To do so, we take the perspective of our own work in the field, by first describing synthetic challenges and how they are addressed by current protocols. We then use our achievements to highlight the possibilities offered by new nanomaterials and to introduce synthetic approaches that are not in the focus of recent literature but hold, in our opinion, great promise. We will span methods of low temperature "chimie douce" aqueous synthesis coupled to microwave heating, sol-gel chemistry and processing coupled to solid state reactions, and then molten salt synthesis. These protocols pave the way to metastable low valence oxyhydroxides, vanadates, perovskite oxides, boron carbon nitrides, and metal borides, all obtained at the nanoscale with structural and morphological features differing from "usual" nanomaterials. These nano-objects show original properties, from sensing, thermoelectricity, charge and spin transports, photoluminescence, and catalysis, which require advanced characterization of surface states. We then identify future trends of synthetic methodologies that will merit further attention in this burgeoning field, by emphasizing the importance of unveiling reaction mechanisms and coupling experiments with modeling.

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Section: Conclusion Current and Future Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the Compositional Threshold of Nanoparticle-Based Materials

et al. 2018

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“…Solid‐state metathesis reaction was proposed by Kaner and co‐workers for the synthesis of polycrystalline materials, including some metal borides (using MgB 2 as a boron source at 850 °C) . Another route was proposed recently by Portehault et al namely the ionothermal flux synthesis of nanocrystalline metal borides in molten salts at less than 1000 °C . While these two methods are very versatile, they are still unable to solve the complex issue of the adequate synthesis of different boride stoichiometries for the same transition metal, especially for elements such as Mn, Nb, or Mo, for which many different boride compositions are known.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Simple, General Synthetic Route toward Nanoscale Transition Metal Borides

2018

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Most nanomaterials, such as transition metal carbides, phosphides, nitrides, chalcogenides, etc., have been extensively studied for their various properties in recent years. The similarly attractive transition metal borides, on the contrary, have seen little interest from the materials science community, mainly because nanomaterials are notoriously difficult to synthesize. Herein, a simple, general synthetic method toward crystalline transition metal boride nanomaterials is proposed. This new method takes advantage of the redox chemistry of Sn/SnCl , the volatility and recrystallization of SnCl at the synthesis conditions, as well as the immiscibility of tin with boron, to produce crystalline phases of 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metal nanoborides with different morphologies (nanorods, nanosheets, nanoprisms, nanoplates, nanoparticles, etc.). Importantly, this method allows flexibility in the choice of the transition metal, as well as the ability to target several compositions within the same binary phase diagram (e.g., Mo B, α-MoB, MoB , Mo B ). The simplicity and wide applicability of the method should enable the fulfillment of the great potential of this understudied class of materials, which show a variety of excellent chemical, electrochemical, and physical properties at the microscale.

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“…Also, synthesis of LaB 6 using B 4 C reduction method reported reactant oxide phase in the EDS result [11]. Higher oxygen has been found during the synthesis of nickel boride and yttrium boride prepared by molten salt synthesis route [40]. CeB 6 prepared by high-temperature self-propagating synthesis method also indicated the reductant oxide phase in the EDS.…”

Section: Byproducts and Its Influence On The Final Chemical Compositimentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Few studies have mentioned the synthesis of YB 4 through borothermal reduction method, vacuum thermal reduction method [33], and molten salt synthesis method [40]. In Molten salt route, synthesis of yttrium boride was achieved by using chloride-based reactants along with a boron source [40]. In this present work, a new approach to synthesize YB 4 through the metallothermic reduction process is proposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new approach to synthesize nano-yttrium boride particle through metallothermic reduction process

Sadhasivam

Berchmans

Meenashisundaram

et al. 2020

J min metall B Metall

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In the present study, a novel attempt is made to synthesize yttrium boride (YB 4) nano-sized powders through metallothermic reduction method. The starting materials used were yttria (Y 2 O 3) and boron oxide (B 2 O 3) as reactants, and calcium (Ca) as reductant. The reaction was carried out at 950 0 C under argon atmosphere followed by acid washing. The product was subjected to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) which indicated its elemental constituents and purity of the prepared nanopowders. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed the formation of YB 4 and YB 6 phases as well as their respective crystal structures. Thermal analysis was done to calculate the weight loss and phase stability at different temperatures. It showed complete crystallization of the yttrium boride around 800 0 C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images showed the agglomerated particle morphology. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicated the presence of Y and B elements. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed the particle size in the order of 40 nm to 60 nm. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern were in consensus with XRD results ensuring the formation of nano-sized yttrium boride. The overall results confirmed that yttrium boride can be synthesized by the low-temperature metallothermic reduction process.

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New route toward nanosized crystalline metal borides with tuneable stoichiometry and variable morphologies

Cited by 41 publications

References 41 publications

Beyond the Compositional Threshold of Nanoparticle-Based Materials

Beyond the Compositional Threshold of Nanoparticle-Based Materials

A Simple, General Synthetic Route toward Nanoscale Transition Metal Borides

A new approach to synthesize nano-yttrium boride particle through metallothermic reduction process

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