“…Artificial muscle is a material or structure that can undergo various forms of deformation under external excitations (i.e., electricity [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ], heat [ 6 , 7 , 8 ], light [ 9 , 10 ], magnetic field [ 11 , 12 ], fluid pressure [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], and chemical stimulation [ 16 ]) and output strain and stress. Artificial muscle is named for its ability to achieve biological muscle-like function, and it has broad application prospects in fields such as robots [ 4 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], flexible electronics [ 20 , 21 ], smart textiles [ 22 ], and medical rehabilitation [ 23 , 24 ]. Among the various actuating modes of artificial muscles defined according to the external excitation, the electrical actuating mode has advantages of easy control and a wide application range.…”