New sources of raw materials for vanadium production

A review of electrolyte additives and impurities in vanadium redox flow batteries

“…In the preparation of vanadium electrolyte, vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) is the preferred raw material due to its greater costeffectiveness [86,87] . However, during the production or recovery process of V 2 O 5 from sources such as ores, concentrates, iodide thermal decomposition products, metallurgical slags, petroleum residues, fly ash and other wastes [88,89] , other elements including but not limited to Fe, Si, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cr, Cu, Mo, Zn, Mg, Ni [61,86,90,91] may be introduced or remain in the vanadium oxide and subsequently enter the electrolyte. While some of these impurities have no detrimental effect in the VRFB, others could lead to operational problems and must be avoided.…”

Novel Process to Prepare a Vanadium Electrolyte from a Calcification Roasting–Acid Leaching Solution of Vanadium Slag

“…The values of log D are obtained by varying the V 3+ concentration to study its effect. As can be seen from the inset in Figure 8, the slope of log D versus log (V 3+ ) is about 10.03, which means that the mole ratio of V 3+ : (TMA) 4 • H 2 V 10 O 28 10. Hence, a stripping reaction equation can be written as eq 4.…”

“…Both of them use high-purity (>99.9%) vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) as a raw material. It is necessary to prepare high-purity V 2 O 5 by a series of purification steps from alloy-grade V 2 O 5 (97–98%). − The method of chemical reduction usually uses sulfuric acid to dissolve high-purity V 2 O 5 and then reduce it with reducing agents such as SO 2 , S, oxalic acid, and others. , In this method, the dissolution rate of V 2 O 5 is relatively slow, resulting in low production efficiency. The electrolysis method is to electrochemically reduce high-purity V 2 O 5 after pulping with sulfuric acid. , Because this method has a long preparation period and high energy consumption, it is difficult to apply on a large scale.…”

On the Formation of Vanadium Ferrites in CaO–SiO2–FeO–V2O5 Slags

“…Vanadium is a valuable alloying element for steelmaking, used to improve strength/weight relation for the steel product. However, its average content in the Earth's crust is 0.0015%, which makes vanadium a rare metal 1. While alloying hot steel, V partitions between the slag and metal phases, leaving 3–5 wt% of vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ) as a slag constituent 2.…”

“…It is important to mention that vanadium compounds have hazardous effects on human health and V‐rich slag should not be used in construction 3. Significant research efforts were made in order to develop methods to extract vanadium from slag and other rich in vanadium metallurgical wastes 1–10…”