New Spiders ofDrassyllusfrom India (Gnaphosidae)

A review of the taxonomy of spiny-backed orb-weaving spiders of the subfamily Gasteracanthinae (Araneae, Araneidae) in Thailand

“…They are differentiated from each other by the morphology of abdominal spines. Anterior and posterior spines of M. hasselti are longer and the median spines are shorter than in G. dalyi ( Tikader 1982 ).…”

“…The long spines morph resembles Gasteracantha dalyi Pocock, 1900, especially as their female genital structures are identical ( Tikader 1982 ). They are differentiated from each other by the morphology of abdominal spines.…”

“…India, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Indonesia (Java and Sumatra) ( Tikader 1982 ; Yin et al 1997 ; World Spider Catalog 2020 ). Macracantha arcuata builds a vertical web under the shade of large trees or thick bushes.…”

“…The morphology of each species was examined by using complete adult female specimens. Previous taxonomic publications including original descriptions were used as reference for species identification ( Simon 1877 ; Pickard-Cambridge 1879 ; Thorell 1887 ; Pocock 1900 ; Dahl 1914 ; Emerit 1974 ; Tikader 1982 ; Barrion and Litsinger 1995 ; Sen et al 2015 ; Roy et al 2017 ). In order to observe female reproductive organs, the ventral plate was removed using an insect pin.…”

An orb-weaver spider (Araneae, Araneidae) from the early Eocene of India

“…The drawings of the body and the internal and external views of the epigyne are clearly copies of figs. 195–197 of Tikader (1982) of the 20 mm long N. clavata ; the male palp looks quite unlike a Nephila palp (there is no long conductor), so N. pakistaniensis requires reevaluation. The small size of the fossil, together with the labium being wider than long (it is normally longer than wide, or at least as long as wide; see Murphy and Roberts, 2015, pl.…”