“…[19,20] Due to the relatively lower activity and shorter lifetime of non-metallic catalysts, some distance remains from industrialization. As for metal catalysts, a series of metal chlorides, including Pt 4 + , [8,[21][22][23] Pd 2 + , [21,[24][25][26][27] Ru 2 + , [12,[28][29][30][31][32] Cu 2 + , [33,34] Sn 2 + , [35] have been explored as potential Hg-free catalysts, but Au-based catalysts possessing a higher standard reduction potential are considered as the most promising replacement. [4,[36][37][38][39] The coking deposition and the agglomeration or the reduction of active species are the main reasons for the deactivation of Au-based catalyst, which have been briefly introduced in the previous literatures.…”