New Targets of Molecular Imaging in Atherosclerosis: Prehension of Current Status

Abstract

245 IntroductionAtherosclerosis is induced by many risk factors, including modified (oxidative) low density lipoprotein (LDL), free radicals by cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, genetic alterations, elevated plasma homocysteine concentration and infectious microorganisms. 1 Among many factors, the deposition of LDL within the artery wall severely deteriorates into atherosclerosis. Accumulation of LDL in the sub-endothelial 2015 © The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry † To whom correspondence should be addressed. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which immune mechanisms interact with diverse metabolic risk factors to initiate, propagate and activate lesions in the arterial wall. This process starts and evolves in response to cholesterol accumulation in arterial intima of the large and medium arteries. A number of modalities for inflammatory imaging in the arterial wall are currently in the stages of pre-clinical and clinical development. However, the identification of new targets that are linked to atherosclerosis to allow for dynamic ranges of diagnosis and prognosis still remains a challenge.In this review, we summarize the current status of atherosclerosis imaging aimed at macrophage-related, direct macrophage and non-macrophage as target molecules during different stages of atherogenesis. We also present activated macrophage, biofilm and amyloid fibrils as possible new targets for the development of non-invasive imaging probes to assess atherosclerosis.

Participation 0f Banana Intolerance in AtherosclerosisReview 0f the Literature

“…Antigens may be the constituents of food or its microbial load [26]. Antibodies, activated macrophages, products of oxidation, biofilms lead to atherosclerosis [27]. Humoral immunity and the reactions against bacterial antigens can play an important role in the process of atherogenesis.…”

“…Immuno-complexes formed after the exposure to antigens and microbes were found in plaques and in the blood circulation. It is a rescue mechanism of the innate immunity system to destroy microorganisms and intruders [27].…”