New Techniques for the Analysis of Fine-Scaled Clustering Phenomena within Atom Probe Tomography (APT) Data

Stephenson, Leigh T.; Moody, Michael P.; Liddicoat, Peter V.; Ringer, Simon P.

doi:10.1017/s1431927607070900

Cited by 305 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Samples sized 0.5×0.5×10 mm 3 were wire cut from the cold-rolled sheet with the needle axis aligned along the rolling direction. These samples were wrapped in aluminium foil for solution treatment in a salt bath.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insoluble or undissolved intermetallic particles and dispersoids, such as ß-Al 5 FeSi, α-Al 15 (FeMn) 3 Si and α-Al 12 (Fe,Mn) 3 Si, which form during solidification or homogenisation, can be present in Al-Mg-Si type alloys with Mn and Fe additions and impurities [67,79,80,81,82,83,84]. The SEM micrograph in Fig.…”

Section: Acknowledgementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particularly 3D atom probe (3DAP) studies have allowed the identification of co-clusters with as few as 10 atoms or less in alloys such as in maraging Fe-20Ni-1.8Mn-1.5Ti-0.59Al steel [1], Fe-C-Mn-Si steels with additions of Nb, Al and Mo [2], Al-Zn-Mg(-Cu) [3], Al-Mg-Ag [4], Al-Mg-Si [5,6,7,8] and Al-Cu-Mg based alloys [9,10,11] (in several aluminium alloys the term Guinier-Preston (GP) zone has been associated with these clusters). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) [12,13], X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) [14] and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) studies [15,16]) have been applied to reveal changes at the atomic level due to the formation of co-clusters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A model for the thermodynamics of and strengthening due to co-clusters in Al–Mg–Si-based alloys

2012

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An expanded model for the thermodynamics of co-clusters and their strengthening is presented, and the model is applied to predict co-cluster formation and strengthening in AlMg-Si alloys. The models are tested against data on a wide range of Al-Mg-Si alloys aged at room temperature. The strengthening due to co-clusters is predicted well. The formation of the co-clusters is studied in an Al-0.5at%Mg-1at%Si alloy using three-dimensional atom probe analysis. The results correspond well with the model. It is shown that in general, (shortrange) order strengthening due to co-clusters will be the main strengthening mechanism in these alloys. Apart from the co-clusters, Si clusters also form, but due to their low enthalpy of formation, they contribute little to the strength.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acknowledgementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A model for the thermodynamics of and strengthening due to co-clusters in Al–Mg–Si-based alloys

2012

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“…[22] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry structure and to more precisely identify features (for example, precipitates and interfaces) from the 3D data [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Because data is in the format of discrete points in some metric space, i.e., a point cloud, many data mining algorithms, which have been developed, are applicable to extract the geometric information embedded in the data [31][32][33][34]. Nevertheless, those geometric-based methods have certain limitations when being applied to solve the problems in atom probe data.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Geometric-based Data Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topological Data Analysis for the Characterization of Atomic Scale Morphology from Atom Probe Tomography Images

2018

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Atom probe tomography (APT) represents a revolutionary characterization tool for materials that combine atomic imaging with a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer to provide direct space three-dimensional, atomic scale resolution images of materials with the chemical identities of hundreds of millions of atoms. It involves the controlled removal of atoms from a specimen's surface by field evaporation and then sequentially analyzing them with a position sensitive detector and TOF mass spectrometer. A paradox in APT is that while on the one hand, it provides an unprecedented level of imaging resolution in three dimensions, it is very difficult to obtain an accurate perspective of morphology or shape outlined by atoms of similar chemistry and microstructure. The origins of this problem are numerous, including incomplete detection of atoms and the complexity of the evaporation fields of atoms at or near interfaces. Hence, unlike scattering techniques such as electron microscopy, interfaces appear diffused, not sharp. This, in turn, makes it challenging to visualize and quantitatively interpret the microstructure at the "meso" scale, where one is interested in the shape and form of the interfaces and their associated chemical gradients. It is here that the application of informatics at the nanoscale and statistical learning methods plays a critical role in both defining the level of uncertainty and helping to make quantitative, statistically objective interpretations where heuristics often dominate. In this chapter, we show how the tools of Topological Data Analysis provide a new and powerful tool in the field of nanoinformatics for materials characterization.

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“…To search for possible Na clustering in the Te--rich matrix and S--rich precipitate, a recently developed APT statistical test (a point--by--point analysis [20]) was used to analyze data from both lightly--and heavily--doped samples (Figure 4). This approach was chosen over conventional binomial analysis [39] due to improved sensitivity for nanoscale features with relatively minor deviations from randomized data [40]. A Z--test was further applied to measure the standard deviation of the frequency at a particular bin.…”

Section: Dopant Solubilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental distributions within multiphase quaternary Pb chalcogenide thermoelectric materials determined through three-dimensional atom probe tomography

Yamini

Mitchell

et al. 2016

Nano Energy

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Nanostructured multiphase p-type lead chalcogenides have shown the highest efficiencies amongst thermoelectric materials. However, their electronic transport properties have been described assuming homogenous distribution of dopants between phases. Here, we have analyzed elemental distributions in precipitates and matrices of nanostructured multiphase quaternary Pb chalcogenides doped to levels below and above the solubility limit of the matrix, using three-dimensional atom probe tomography. We demonstrate that partitioning of sodium and selenium occur between the matrix and secondary phase in both lightly-and heavily-doped compounds and that the concentrations of sodium and selenium in precipitates are higher than those in the matrices. This can contribute to the transport properties of such multiphase compounds The sodium concentration reached ~3 at% in sulfur-rich (PbS) precipitates and no nano precipitates of Na-rich phases were observed within either phase, a result that is supported by high resolution TEM analysis, indicating that the solubility limit of sodium in PbS is much higher than previously thought. However, non-equilibrium segregation of sodium is identified at the precipitates/matrix interfaces. These findings can lead to further advances in designing and characterizing multiphase thermoelectric materials. AbstractNanostructured multiphase p--type lead chalcogenides have shown the highest efficiencies amongst thermoelectric materials. However, their electronic transport properties have been described assuming homogenous distribution of dopants between phases. Here, we have analyzed elemental distributions in precipitates and matrices of nanostructured multiphase quaternary Pb chalcogenides doped to levels below and above the solubility limit of the matrix, using three--dimensional atom probe tomography. We demonstrate that partitioning of sodium and selenium occur between the matrix and secondary phase in both lightly-- and heavily--doped compounds and that the concentrations of sodium and selenium in precipitates are higher than those in the matrices. This can contribute to the transport properties of such multiphase compounds The sodium concentration reached ~3 at.% in sulfur--rich (PbS) precipitates and no nano precipitates of Na--rich phases were observed within either phase, a result that is supported by high resolution TEM analysis, indicating that the solubility limit of sodium in PbS is much higher than previously thought. However, non--equilibrium segregation of sodium is identified at the precipitates/matrix interfaces. These findings can lead to further advances in designing and characterizing multiphase thermoelectric materials.

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New Techniques for the Analysis of Fine-Scaled Clustering Phenomena within Atom Probe Tomography (APT) Data

Cited by 305 publications

References 12 publications

A model for the thermodynamics of and strengthening due to co-clusters in Al–Mg–Si-based alloys

A model for the thermodynamics of and strengthening due to co-clusters in Al–Mg–Si-based alloys

Topological Data Analysis for the Characterization of Atomic Scale Morphology from Atom Probe Tomography Images

Elemental distributions within multiphase quaternary Pb chalcogenide thermoelectric materials determined through three-dimensional atom probe tomography

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