New Techniques for the Evaluation of Organic Pollutants

Ryckman, D. W.; Burbank, Nathan C; Edgerley, Edward

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1964.tb01293.x

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…phenol at 20 ppb). In 1963, Ryckman, Burbank and Edgerley (1964) of the School of Public Health at Washington University presented a paper at the annual American Water Work Association (AWWA) meeting indicating various methods for analyzing organics in ppb and parts per trillion ( pptr) concentrations were becoming available, including gas chromatography, and argued that these methods were necessary to monitor water quality. At the same conference Weiss, Johnson and Kwon (1963) of the University of North Carolina demonstrated the utility of gas chromatography analysis of trace organics in groundwater using a¯ame ionization detector.…”

Section: Development Of Organic Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Organic Analytical Methods in Environmental Forensic Chemistry

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2000

Environmental Forensics

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Section: Development Of Organic Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Organic Analytical Methods in Environmental Forensic Chemistry

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2000

Environmental Forensics

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“…Chromatography is very effective at separating individual chemicals for their subsequent measurement and, hence, is very effective with environmental samples, which usually do have multiple constituents. The first advances in modem analytical methods used paper or thin-layer chromatography (Lijinsky, 1960;Ryckman et al, 1964) but these techniques still offered problems with convenient, accurate detection. It was not until the midto late 1960s, when gas chromatography with sophisticated detection devices such as flame ionization, electron capture, and mass spectroscopy was developed (Ettinger, 1965;Holmes et al, 1967;Sugar and Conway, 1968;Garrison et al, 1971), that a modem era was established for environmental analysis.…”

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Historical Perspective on PCBs

Shifrin¹,

Toole²

1998

Environmental Engineering Science

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) first became recognized as an environmental issue in approximately 1970. Before that, analytical limitations precluded their accurate and convenient detection in environmental samples. Over the next several years, gas chromatography advances, extensive environmental sampling throughout the world, and numerous regulatory agency activities led to a better and broader understanding of PCBs as an environmental issue. By the late 1970s, this learning phase culminated with tight regulatory controls being established on PCB use and disposal. To this day, however, PCB toxicity and the effects of environmental concentrations on human health are not well understood and regulatory control continues to evolve.Despite 20 years of use restrictions, polychlorinated biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, suspended solids, biphenyls (PCBs) persist and bioaccumlate in the en-coliform bacteria, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, color, and vironment, and they remain the focus of extensive regula-odor. The state of the art remained basically unchanged tory cleanup actions. With the benefit of hindsight, parties through the 1950s, as noted by Middleton and Rosen to cleanup cost allocation disputes often claim that the (1956) and USHEW (1962), who state, almost identically, other side should have known better when handling PCBs. that "specific methods, with few exceptions, for the analy-In fact, it was not until the early 1970s that PCBs could sis of the multitude of organic chemicals in water are lackeven be measured in environmental samples and reason-ing." Both of these papers also noted that treatment methably clear knowledge of what their environmental or health ods for such chemicals remained to be developed, impact might be didn't evolve until even later than that.The analysis of individual organic chemicals is a twopart problem for environmental samples: (1) isolation of DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL the compound from the sample matrix and (2) accurate METHODS TO DETECT AND detection of its concentration. In the 1940s and 1950s, MEASURE PCBs colorimetric, infrared, and ultraviolet spectroscopic techniques provided some advances to this two-part problem Through the first half of this century, methods of de-for a limited number of individual chemical measuretecting contaminants in water and wastewater were unre-ments (cf. Dolin, 1943;Wright, 1941;Jacobs, 1949; fined and not chemical-specific. Water and wastewater Schumauch and Grubb, 1954), but it was not until the adanalysis was limited to conventional parameters, such as vent of chromatography1 that substantial progress was 'Chromatography is a procedure used in analytical chemistry to separate individual chemicals from a mixture, such as an environmental sample. A liquid or gaseous mixture of the compounds to be detected is passed through a Chromatographie medium (e.g., silica gel) and each chemical "exits" the medium at different times according to its differential adsorption on the medium. Upon exiting the Chromatographie medium, each compound thus i...

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Pollution Management in the Twentieth Century

Shifrin

2005

J. Environ. Eng.

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New Techniques for the Evaluation of Organic Pollutants

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Evolution of Organic Analytical Methods in Environmental Forensic Chemistry

Evolution of Organic Analytical Methods in Environmental Forensic Chemistry

Historical Perspective on PCBs

Pollution Management in the Twentieth Century

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