New therapeutic targets for the prevention of infectious acute exacerbations of COPD: role of epithelial adhesion molecules and inflammatory pathways

Atto, Brianna; Eapen, Mathew Suji; Sharma, Pawan; Frey, Urs; Ammit, Alaina J.; Markos, James; Chia, Collin; Larby, Josie; Haug, Greg; Weber, Heinrich C.; Mabeza, George; Tristram, Stephen; Myers, Stephen; Geraghty, Dominic P.; Flanagan, Katie L.; Hansbro, Philip M.; Sohal, Sukhwinder Singh

doi:10.1042/cs20181009

Cited by 43 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 437 publications

(593 reference statements)

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“…Smokers contract more respiratory ailments, including colds (commonly rhinoviruses, but also coronaviruses) than non-smokers. Smokers also show double the influenza rate and increased rates of bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis [1][2][3][4][5]. The damage caused to the lungs by smoking makes patients more susceptible to pulmonary infections, both bacterial and viral [6].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Smoking Upregulates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor: A Potential Adhesion Site for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19)

Brake

Barnsley

et al. 2020

JCM

Self Cite

490

453

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The epicenter of the original outbreak in China has high male smoking rates of around 50%, and early reported death rates have an emphasis on older males, therefore the likelihood of smokers being overrepresented in fatalities is high. In Iran, China, Italy, and South Korea, female smoking rates are much lower than males. Fewer females have contracted the virus. If this analysis is correct, then Indonesia would be expected to begin experiencing high rates of Covid-19 because its male smoking rate is over 60% (Tobacco Atlas). Smokers are vulnerable to respiratory viruses.Smoking can upregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, the known receptor for both the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the human respiratory coronavirus NL638. This could also be true for new electronic smoking devices such as electronic cigarettes and "heat-not-burn" IQOS devices. ACE2 could be a novel adhesion molecule for SARS-CoV-2 causing Covid-19 and a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of fatal microbial infections, and therefore it should be fast tracked and prioritized for research and investigation. Data on smoking status should be collected on all identified cases of Covid-19.Little attention has been given to the role of smoking in either the transmission of the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, actual virus) or mortality rate of Covid-19 (name of the disease caused). Smokers contract more respiratory ailments, including colds (commonly rhinoviruses, but also coronaviruses) than non-smokers. Smokers also show double the influenza rate and increased rates of bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis [1][2][3][4][5]. The damage caused to the lungs by smoking makes patients more susceptible to pulmonary infections, both bacterial and viral [6]. Smokers are 34% more likely than non-smokers to contract the flu [6]. Han and colleagues conclude that literature evidence showed that smoking was consistently associated with a higher risk of hospital admissions after influenza infection [7]. Smoking is the primary etiological factor behind chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the developed world, but environmental pollution and degrading air quality are also responsible in developing countries. It is now the fourth leading cause of death in the world [8]. Vaccination against influenza is strongly recommended for patients with COPD, as the frequency and progression of exacerbations are strongly linked to respiratory viruses

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confidence: 99%

“…in 30% of cases [1]. Rubin et al found that COPD patients who were prone to viral infections had higher exacerbation rates, more inflammation, and loss of lung function compared to those with existing exacerbating disease conditions [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking Upregulates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor: A Potential Adhesion Site for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19)

Brake

Barnsley

et al. 2020

JCM

Self Cite

490

453

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“…Further, selected studies report significantly different gender-distributions between male and female COVID-19 cases. For example, Zhao Y et al, using single-cell data, reported that ACE2 was upregulated in Asian males compared to women and other ethnicities which may lead to more severe incidents of COVID-19 10,40,41 . and Spanish influenza [42][43][44][45] .…”

Section: Demographic and Social Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

County-Level Longitudinal Clustering of COVID-19 Mortality to Incidence Ratio in the United States

Vahabi¹,

Salehi²,

Duarte³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract Background: As of June 3, 2020, the mortality to incidence ratio (MIR) of COVID-19 was 5.8%. We utilized a longitudinal model-based clustering system based on the disease trajectories over time.Methods: County-level COVID-19 cases and deaths (March-June 2020), and a set of potential risk factors were collected for 3050 U.S. counties. We used growth mixture models to identify clusters of counties exhibiting similar COVID-19 MIR growth trajectories and risk-factors over time. Results: We identified clusters 1 (rural-areas of IA, NC, OK, VA, FL, GA, LA, OH states), and 7 (rural-areas of AR, CO, GA, KS, NE, TN, TX states) as the so-called “more vulnerable” clusters. Tuberculosis (OR=1.3), drug use disorder (OR=1.1), and particulate matter (OR=1.1) were significantly associated with increased odds of being in a more vulnerable cluster. Heart complications and cancer were the main risk factors increasing the COVID-19 MIR (range: 0.08%-0.72% MIR↑).Conclusion: We identified two county-clusters exhibiting the highest COVID-19 MIR trajectories, indicating that enhancing the capacity and access to healthcare resources would be key to successfully manage COVID-19 in these “vulnerable” clusters. These findings provide insights for public health policymakers on the groups of people and locations they need to pay particular attention while managing the COVID-19 epidemic.

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“…Such predisposing conditions will lead to early and severe symptoms once affected by SARC-CoV-2 virus. (4,5,6,7,8) Tobacco consumers are more prone for many respiratory tract infections like influenza, SARS and tuberculosis. (6) All these diseases directly or indirectly are associated with low immunity.…”

Section: Tobacco Consumers and Covid 19 Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco: An invisible and immediate threat for COVID 19

Garg

Deshmukh

2020

Indian J Community Health

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One of the major steps to prevent damage due to any pandemic is to focus on risk factors related to the disease. Tobacco consumption is emerging as a major factor out of all for COVID 19. There is hardly any country who has warned the public about this or has made the Tobacco control measures stringent in view of COVID 19. Factors making tobacco consumers more vulnerable to COVID 19 infections are low immunity, damaged cilia in smaller air ways leading to decreased lung capacity and previous history of respiratory illness. Smokers have more expression of ACE2 receptor gene which is also responsible for SARS-COV-2 virus replication in host. More viral load makes smokers potent “carrier”. COVID 19 can be transmitted via tobacco consumers by sharing of smoked tobacco and release of vapour droplets. Spitting of smokeless tobacco in public places puts community at risk. Cardiovascular diseases and cancers caused by tobacco consumption act as comorbidities aggravating the symptoms in COVID 19 infection. Scope of FCTC framework can be extended to address prevention and control of COVID 19. Recommendations: tobacco products should be banned immediately to control the spread. MPOWER strategy of FCTC can be utilized in this pandemic to prevent transmission.

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New therapeutic targets for the prevention of infectious acute exacerbations of COPD: role of epithelial adhesion molecules and inflammatory pathways

Cited by 43 publications

References 437 publications

Smoking Upregulates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor: A Potential Adhesion Site for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19)

Smoking Upregulates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor: A Potential Adhesion Site for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19)

County-Level Longitudinal Clustering of COVID-19 Mortality to Incidence Ratio in the United States

Tobacco: An invisible and immediate threat for COVID 19

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