New thermal-reactive reservoir engineering model predicts hydrogen sulfide generation in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage

Kapadia, Punitkumar R.; Wang, Jingyi; Kallos, Michael S.; Gates, Ian D.

doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2012.06.030

Cited by 43 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Kapadia et al (2012, 2013) constructed a new reaction model for aquathermolysis and applied it to understand the generation of hydrogen sulfide in SAGD. The results demonstrated that SAGD is not only a physical process but also a chemically reactive one where the reaction zones of the process are predominantly found at the edges of the depletion chamber where there is a combination of elevated temperature, hot mobile bitumen, and steam condensate .…”

Section: The Sagd Steam Chamber As An In Situ Reactormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ng (1997) investigated the kinetics of water gas shift reaction in a temperature range of 320-380°C, and proposed a reaction rate constant and a reaction profile depicting the generation of hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon oxides [15]. Kapadia et al (2012 constructed a new reaction model for aquathermolysis and applied it to understand the generation of hydrogen sulfide in SAGD. The results demonstrated that SAGD is not only a physical process but also a chemically reactive one where the reaction zones of the process are predominantly found at the edges of the depletion chamber where there is a combination of elevated temperature, hot mobile bitumen, and steam condensate [3,16].…”

Section: The Sagd Steam Chamber As An In Situ Reactormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ɣ is the ionic activity coefficient given by Kielland (1937) [38]. Reaction (3) presents the dissolution and precipitation reactions associated with Ca 2+ conversion from CaCO 3 . Under the assumption that the CO 2 partial pressure is higher than 0.05 atmospheres and there are no mass transfer limitations (sufficient diffusion as a result of relatively high porosity and permeability in the reservoir sand), the reaction rate constants for Reaction (3) are as follows [31,35]:…”

Section: Reaction Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of reservoir heterogeneity by using produced water chemistry in SAGD

Khansari

Gates

2016

Int. J. Energy Res.

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Summary The key challenge of extracting oil from oil sand reservoirs is the viscosity of the oil which is typically between 100 000 and several million cP. To reduce the viscosity of the oil, high pressure, high temperature steam, typically between about 185 and 250 °C, is injected into the reservoir by using recovery processes such as the steam‐assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process. In this process, steam heats the bitumen and as a consequence, its viscosity drops to about 5 cP and it readily flows under gravity within the reservoir. One key issue that has not gained much attention with respect to SAGD process evolution are steam–rock reactions, water geochemistry, and how the produced water composition varies as the process evolves. Here, we examine how the produced water composition varies in SAGD operations. For the first time, we show that the produced water composition can be used to detect shale barriers and contact of the steam chamber with the overburden. As yet, the produced water composition is not used to understand in situ process development but as we show here, this could be a rich data source for understanding process dynamics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: The Sagd Steam Chamber As An In Situ Reactormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Sagd Steam Chamber As An In Situ Reactormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reaction Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of reservoir heterogeneity by using produced water chemistry in SAGD

Khansari

Gates

2016

Int. J. Energy Res.

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“…In Steam assisted gravity drainage process, high pressure and high temperature steam is used as an injection fluid to decreases the bitumen viscosity which could be around hundreds of thousands to millions of cP at original reservoir condition (Kapadia et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Oil Sands Recovery Process

Khansari

Gates

2015

All Days

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To extract oil from oil sands reservoirs the techniques are required that reduce the viscosity from hundreds of thousands and several millions of cP to a point that it can flow. In Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process, injected steam releases its latent heat and reduces the viscosity of the oil. This oil, referred to as bitumen, encountered steam-oil reactions process leading to aquathermolysis and steam-rock reactions -geochemical reactions. Geochemical reactions are responsible for in situ gas production and alteration of produced water composition that can affect the reservoir pressure, porosity, permeability, bitumen viscosity and thus the recovery process. In this research it has been examined that how water composition changes during SAGD operation. A reaction model was defined expressing the geochemistry of SAGD within the formation and a reactive thermal reservoir simulation was built to represent reservoirs with different shale layer geometries at various distances from SAGD wellpair. For the first time, the results demonstrated that the produced water composition can be used to detect baffles and barriers and their distances from wellpair. The analysis of produced water can be used as a tool to monitor the process dynamics and understanding the reservoir heterogeneity.

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“…Kapadia et al (2010) has proposed a comprehensive kinetic model targeted to the modeling of H 2 generation during in-situ combustion processes, by considering reactions of pyrolysis, aquathermolysis, gasification, and combustion of Athabasca bitumen (18 reactions), the thermodynamic model being based on 10 hydrocarbon components, including standard gaseous components (among which H 2 S), two pseudo components representing maltenes and asphaltenes, and one additional representing a mixture of heavy gases. For reservoir simulation of the H 2 S production during a Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process, Kapadia et al (2011Kapadia et al ( , 2012 have adopted a simpler thermo-kinetic model, based on 7 reactions and 7 hydrocarbon components, maltenes and asphaltenes of the prior model being re-lumped in a single "Bitumen" pseudo component. The kinetic parameters (frequency factor, activation energy) of 6 reactions have been used for matching the simulation results to field data, the frequency factors appearing several orders of magnitude lower than those given by Kapadia et al (2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forecasting of H2S Production due to Aquathermolysis Reactions

Barroux

Lamoureux-Var

Flauraud

2013

SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference

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Steam injection has been recognized as an efficient process for recovering hydrocarbons from heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs. However, it is now well known that the steam injection induces chemical reactions within the reservoir, called aquathermolysis and yielding acid gases. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) being highly toxic and highly corrosive, even at low concentrations, it is of major importance to forecast H 2 S production. However, until now, there are only very few publications relating reservoir simulations of steam injection processes accounting for thermal and compositional effects in a chemically reactive context.The proposed paper relates a work focused on H 2 S production forecast during a SAGD process from aquathermolysis experimental results and simulation. After a description of the aquathermolysis experiments, the simplified sulfur-based kinetic model deduced from the experimental results is presented. This sulfur-based kinetic model has been used to build a thermo-kinetic component-based model usable in a compositional and thermal reservoir simulation. A simulation of the experimental aquathermolysis reactor being run for validating the thermo-kinetic model, the simulation results of H 2 S production and oil SARA composition versus time are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results.Then, the thermo-kinetic modeling has been input in a cross-section model designed for simulating a SAGD process. The H 2 S production results were found to be consistent with published field data.The work related in the paper contributes to provide a new insight to the simulation of H 2 S production by aquathermolysis, through the presentation of a simplified modeling of the aquathermolysis reactions, and the description of a methodology for building an EOS (Equation Of State) model compatible with the reactive model.The followed approach is shown to be usable for forecasting H 2 S production due to an aquathermolysis phenomenon during a steam injection process.

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New thermal-reactive reservoir engineering model predicts hydrogen sulfide generation in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage

Cited by 43 publications

References 15 publications

Assessment of reservoir heterogeneity by using produced water chemistry in SAGD

Assessment of reservoir heterogeneity by using produced water chemistry in SAGD

Reactive Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Oil Sands Recovery Process

Forecasting of H2S Production due to Aquathermolysis Reactions

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