“…An extensive -although not precisely estimated -proportion of cocaine use occurs in the form of crack-cocaine use (i.e., the smoked/inhaled use of freebase cocaine), a substance widely and cheaply available in the Americas and increasingly in Europe (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 2007; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2012). While -for example, due to the predominant marginalization (Fischer & Coghlan, 2007) -most crack users are not captured by general population surveys, studies from various national jurisdictions have documented sizeable crack use problems in numerous European countries (Haasen, Prinzleve, Gossop, Fischer, & Casas, 2005;Hay et al, 2010;Hope, Hickman, & Tilling, 2005;Ilse, Prinzleve, Zurhold, & Haasan, 2006;Oliveira, Ponce, & Nappo, 2010;Pérez, Cruyff, Benschop, & Korf, 2013;Prinzleve et al, 2004;Stoever, 2002); Canada and the US (Buchanan et al, 2006;Falck, Wang, & Carlson, 2007;Fischer et al, 2006;Santibanez et al, 2005;Werb et al, 2010); Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador Santos Cruz et al, 2013a;Dickson-Gomez, Bodnar, Guevara, Rodriguez, & Gaborit, 2007;Dualibi, Ribeiro, & Laranjeira, 2008;Epele, 2011). Among many street drug user populations in North and South America, crackcocaine is reported to be the most commonly used non-injection drug (Dualibi et al, 2008;Fischer & Coghlan, 2007;Strathdee & Stockman, 2010).…”