New York in Fiscal Federalism

Abstract

This article explores New York State's dollars-and-cents relationship with Washington and the nation in the context of broad changes over time in the respective fiscal roles of Washington and the states. The 1970s brought what many participants and observers called the “New Federalism,” in which Washington provided “more fiscal aid on a more flexible basis to state and local governments in the form of revenue sharing and block grants.” Furthermore, it turns to a description of broad fiscal policies and trends in the Empire State itself. Seeking new federal funding is a basic part of annual budget strategy. Federal funding was a significant source of assistance for cities in the 1970s, but has not kept pace with growth in overall budgets since then. Issues of federalism will continue to produce important impacts on the scope, nature, cost, and quality of public services in New York and the nation.

Facebook Use and Political Participation

“…Since its founding in 2006, Facebook (FB) has grown tremendously from being a high school and college network to being one of the most globally popular social networking sites (SNSs). In the process, it has also become a platform for a wide range of political activities (e.g., Earl & Kimport, 2011; Ward, 2012). At the individual level, some researchers have found a generally positive relationship between social media use and civic and political participation (e.g., Gil de Zúñiga, Jung, & Valenzuela, 2012; Gil de Zúñiga, Puig-I-Abril, & Rojas, 2009; Valenzuela, Park, & Kee, 2009).…”

Hybrid Interpersonal Violence in Latin America: Patterns and Causes

“…The They took on the name "Mara Salvatrucha Stoners" or MSS. (Ward, 2012) There is much dispute about the origins of the name. "Mara" is a reference to a large, swarming group.…”

“…A tiny portion reportedly used satanic symbols and paraphernalia, some of which remain an important part of the gang's symbolic repertoire. (Ward, 2012) They got into fistfights with other gangs and were prone to disturbances, but there was little to suggest they would become an international gang that would eventually operate in at least a half-dozen countries around the globe.…”

“…Researcher Tom Ward says many women opted to be beaten -"brincado" -instead because they got more respect over the long haul. (Ward, 2012) In more recent years, in many parts of the region, women are simply no longer accepted into the gang. The nominal reason for this is because the gang considers women more susceptible to pressure from authorities to turn state's evidence.…”

“…In his seminal work in Los Angeles, anthropologist Tom Ward noted that gang members joined for a mix of reasons ranging from fear to a connection with "like-minded individuals." (Ward, 2012) More recent surveys illustrate the gang members' need for community. A Florida International University (FIU) survey of gang members in El Salvador found that nearly half joined the gang because "because they liked to hang out with other youth and gang members"; another 17 percent said the gang gave them close friends and "brothers."…”