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AbstractData (or information) fusion (or integration) from different sources is found in many applications, from epidemiology, medicine, biology, and business to military applications such as intelligence. Data fusion may involve integration of spectral content with imaging, text, and many other observations or sensor data. In this paper, we review the methodologies and implementations of the data-fusion process used in the literature and illustrate in more detail the methodologies involved by presenting three examples. We propose that the data-fusion process can be viewed as multi-path and multi-stage mappings and that the