Newly diagnosed iron deficiency anemia and subsequent autoimmune disease: a matched cohort study in Taiwan

Chang, Renin; Chu, Kuo-An; Lin, Mei‐Chen; Chu, Yi-Hsin; Hung, Yao-Min; Wei, James Cheng‐Chung

doi:10.1080/03007995.2020.1748585

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…We confirm here that catechins are strong iron chelators, activate the AhR pathway and most importantly that BLG can bind to these complexes and facilitate activation of AhR pathway, irrespective of whether it is co-applied with whey concentrate or applied in pure form. Similarly, as with other ligands, we show for the holo-form 48 and a well-described T cell epitope. 20,35,47 This suggests that children allergic to milk at one point were sensitized to BLG-devoid of any ligands, the only setting when IgE can be generated to a region which otherwise would be masked by the ligand.…”

Section: Iron Transport By Holoblg Into Cd14+ Monocytic Cells Is Acco...supporting

confidence: 86%

Micronutritional supplementation with a holoBLG‐based FSMP (food for special medical purposes)‐lozenge alleviates allergic symptoms in BALB/c mice: Imitating the protective farm effect

Afify

Regner

Pacios

et al. 2021

Clin Experimental Allergy

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Section: Iron Transport By Holoblg Into Cd14+ Monocytic Cells Is Acco...supporting

confidence: 86%

Micronutritional supplementation with a holoBLG‐based FSMP (food for special medical purposes)‐lozenge alleviates allergic symptoms in BALB/c mice: Imitating the protective farm effect

Afify

Regner

Pacios

et al. 2021

Clin Experimental Allergy

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“…Persons with functional iron deficiencies usually suffer from underlying chronic or metabolic diseases such as autoimmune ( 110 , 111 ) and atopic diseases ( 108 , 112 – 115 ), chronic kidney diseases ( 56 , 116 , 117 ), congestive heart failure ( 118 – 120 ), chronic pulmonary diseases ( 121 – 123 ), and obesity ( 124 , 125 ), in which iron deficiency is associated with a worsened prognosis and outcome ( 103 , 104 , 126 – 133 ). Interestingly, iron deficiency is also associated with an increased risk for thrombosis ( 134 , 135 ).…”

Section: Iron Deficiency In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron-Deficiency in Atopic Diseases: Innate Immune Priming by Allergens and Siderophores

Roth‐Walter

2022

Front. Allergy

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Although iron is one of the most abundant elements on earth, about a third of the world's population are affected by iron deficiency. Main drivers of iron deficiency are beside the chronic lack of dietary iron, a hampered uptake machinery as a result of immune activation. Macrophages are the principal cells distributing iron in the human body with their iron restriction skewing these cells to a more pro-inflammatory state. Consequently, iron deficiency has a pronounced impact on immune cells, favoring Th2-cell survival, immunoglobulin class switching and primes mast cells for degranulation. Iron deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of atopic diseases in children, while both children and adults with allergy are more likely to have anemia. In contrast, an improved iron status seems to protect against allergy development. Here, the most important interconnections between iron metabolism and allergies, the effect of iron deprivation on distinct immune cell types, as well as the pathophysiology in atopic diseases are summarized. Although the main focus will be humans, we also compare them with innate defense and iron sequestration strategies of microbes, given, particularly, attention to catechol-siderophores. Similarly, the defense and nutritional strategies in plants with their inducible systemic acquired resistance by salicylic acid, which further leads to synthesis of flavonoids as well as pathogenesis-related proteins, will be elaborated as both are very important for understanding the etiology of allergic diseases. Many allergens, such as lipocalins and the pathogenesis-related proteins, are able to bind iron and either deprive or supply iron to immune cells. Thus, a locally induced iron deficiency will result in immune activation and allergic sensitization. However, the same proteins such as the whey protein beta-lactoglobulin can also transport this precious micronutrient to the host immune cells (holoBLG) and hinder their activation, promoting tolerance and protecting against allergy. Since 2019, several clinical trials have also been conducted in allergic subjects using holoBLG as a food for special medical purposes, leading to a reduction in the allergic symptom burden. Supplementation with nutrient-carrying lipocalin proteins can circumvent the mucosal block and nourish selectively immune cells, therefore representing a new dietary and causative approach to compensate for functional iron deficiency in allergy sufferers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 Furthermore, a large-scale study found an increased risk of autoimmune diseases, including SLE, in patients with newly diagnosed IDA among patients from East Asia. 24 In addition, a recent study found a reduced risk of SLE in individuals with high iron status among European populations. 25 While not statistically significant, anemia was more prevalent in females at disease onset and no males developed new-onset anemia during the follow-up period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematologic manifestations of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: An emphasis on anemia

Kısaoğlu

Baba

Kalyoncu

2022

Lupus

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Objective Anemia is common in patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (jSLE). While autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is the only etiology included in the classification criteria, the etiology of anemia in jSLE may be diverse. We aimed to investigate the etiology of anemia in jSLE and the relationship between anemia and disease characteristics at onset and during the follow-up period. Methods Patients diagnosed with jSLE who met the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria between January 2012 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Hematologic involvement was observed in 70% of the patients. Anemia was the most common cytopenia among patients (60%). Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) and AIHA were the most common etiological factors, both observed in 23% of patients. Patients with anemia had a significantly higher rate of positive ds-DNA antibody and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESH) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores. ESH, serum ferritin, and SLEDAI scores negatively correlated with hemoglobin levels in patients with anemia. Iron deficiency was the sole etiology of new-onset anemia. Patients with new-onset anemia during the follow-up period had significantly lower hemoglobin values at onset and a higher rate of renal involvement. Conclusion Anemia in jSLE is mostly AIHA and ACD, but iron deficiency is not rare. The severity of inflammation is associated with the severity of anemia. During the follow-up period, iron deficiency was the predominant cause of anemia, especially in patients with lower hemoglobin concentrations at onset and renal involvement.

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Newly diagnosed iron deficiency anemia and subsequent autoimmune disease: a matched cohort study in Taiwan

Cited by 18 publications

References 38 publications

Micronutritional supplementation with a holoBLG‐based FSMP (food for special medical purposes)‐lozenge alleviates allergic symptoms in BALB/c mice: Imitating the protective farm effect

Micronutritional supplementation with a holoBLG‐based FSMP (food for special medical purposes)‐lozenge alleviates allergic symptoms in BALB/c mice: Imitating the protective farm effect

Iron-Deficiency in Atopic Diseases: Innate Immune Priming by Allergens and Siderophores

Hematologic manifestations of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: An emphasis on anemia

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