“…There are complex causes, including forced assimilation to the national Thai identity, frictions between government policies and religious beliefs, systemic discrimination in local governance, political marginalization, abuses of the local population by security forces and state officials, and pressures to achieve autonomy (Benharoon, 2013;Burke, Tweedie, & Poocharoen, 2013;Engvall & Andersson, 2014;Jampaklay, Ford, & Chamratrithirong, 2017). This long-standing unrest has affected the social and economic quality of life, as people feel frightened and unsafe (Benharoon, 2013;Benharoon & Binsaleh, 2013;Vajirakachorn, 2012;Wichaidit, Songwathana, Balthip, & Woods, 2019), and their income per capita is much lower than in neighboring provinces (Burke et al, 2013). As peacebuilding policy has been given the highest priority, attention to the management of natural resources and environment has been minimal.…”