News Media Reporting of Antimicrobial Resistance in Latin America and India

Sánchez, Marisabel; Sivaraman, S.

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89370-9_30

Cited by 5 publications

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“…These groups also took advantage of this momentum to advance their own agenda, such as the threat of competition by pharmacy chains. This coincides with other authors pointing out that, although Mexico has attained a media establishment relatively independent of government control, it has also been increasingly beholden to commercial interests [38,39]. However, even when these association groups had a strong voice, their effect appears to be limited, suggesting that the influence of political factors may outweigh media framing effects on shaping policies, as other studies have pointed up [15].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…These concerns highlight the need to discuss and develop interventions within the common framework of a pharmaceutical policy, and to engage stakeholders during the policy process. Finally, the scarcity of in-depth reporting on issues of antibiotic use and regulation in Mexico and Latin America has also been related to the limited availability of specialized journalism and independent information sources [39]. To address these limitations and to generate political priorities on antimicrobial use and resistance, the South American Infectious Disease Initiative [42] has worked with the news media in three countries, resulting in an improvement on the quantity and quality of coverage of these issues [39], an experience that might be worth replicating in other countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, whenever possible, we discussed our coding scheme in relation to generic frames. Other limitations concern excluding an analysis of electronic media (radio, television and internet) which are important in Mexico and other countries in the region [39] as well as the fact that our analysis was limited to the period of only five months after policy implementation. Relevant discussions and stakeholder actions that might have appeared later in the policy process or in other media outlets were excluded.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation of antibiotic sales in Mexico: an analysis of printed media coverage and stakeholder participation

et al. 2012

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BackgroundRestricting antibiotics sales to those with medical prescriptions only is a central strategy for promoting appropriate use and containing antibiotic resistance; however, many low and middle income countries have not enforced policies that prevent widespread self-medication with antibiotics. In 2010, the Mexican government announced the enforcement of antibiotic sales regulations, a policy that gained media prominence. This study analyzes media coverage of issues, stakeholder representation, and positions taken during policy agenda setting, drafting, and implementation to shed light on policy making to promote appropriate antibiotic utilization.MethodsWe carried out a quantitative content analysis of 322 newspaper articles published between January 2009 and December 2010 in 18 national and regional newspapers. Additionally, we conducted a qualitative content analysis to understand the positions adopted and strategies developed by nine key stakeholders. Framing theory guided the analysis.ResultsThe Ministry of Health dominated media coverage, justifying the enforcement policy by focusing on risks of self-medication, and to a lesser degree dangers of increasing antibiotic resistance. Pharmacy associations appeared to be the leading opponents, arguing that the policy created logistical difficulties and corruption, and had negative economic impact for pharmacies and their clients. The associations developed strategies against the regulation such as attempting to delay implementation and installing physicians’ consultation offices within pharmacies. While medical associations and academic institutions called for a comprehensive strategy to combat antibiotic resistance, improve prescription quality, and create public awareness, these issues had little impact on media coverage. Consumer groups and legislators received very little media coverage.ConclusionsThe narrowly-focused and polarized media coverage ─centred on problems of self- medication and economic impact ─ was a missed opportunity to publicly discuss and to develop a comprehensive national strategy on antibiotic use in Mexico. It highlights the need for discussing and developing interventions within the framework of a pharmaceutical policy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation of antibiotic sales in Mexico: an analysis of printed media coverage and stakeholder participation

et al. 2012

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“…In Australia, there is a tight regulation of prescribing antibiotics, and antibiotics can only be obtained legally with a prescription from a qualified healthcare professional according to the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989. In India, on the other hand, whilst branded antibiotics exist, other forms such as counterfeit, substandard, and ‘spurious’ antibiotics have been reported [ 26 ], making surveillance and regulation difficult [ 27 ]. While the antibiotic consumption per person in Australia and India in 2010 was approximately similar, there was a more rapid increase between 2000 and 2010 in India [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Resistance Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Keratitis in Australia and India

et al. 2020

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This study investigated genomic differences in Australian and Indian Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from keratitis (infection of the cornea). Overall, the Indian isolates were resistant to more antibiotics, with some of those isolates being multi-drug resistant. Acquired genes were related to resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, macrolides, sulphonamides, and tetracycline and were more frequent in Indian (96%) than in Australian (35%) isolates (p = 0.02). Indian isolates had large numbers of gene variations (median 50,006, IQR = 26,967–50,600) compared to Australian isolates (median 26,317, IQR = 25,681–33,780). There were a larger number of mutations in the mutL and uvrD genes associated with the mismatch repair (MMR) system in Indian isolates, which may result in strains losing their efficacy for DNA repair. The number of gene variations were greater in isolates carrying MMR system genes or exoU. In the phylogenetic division, the number of core genes were similar in both groups, but Indian isolates had larger numbers of pan genes (median 6518, IQR = 6040–6935). Clones related to three different sequence types—ST308, ST316, and ST491—were found among Indian isolates. Only one clone, ST233, containing two strains was present in Australian isolates. The most striking differences between Australian and Indian isolates were carriage of exoU (that encodes a cytolytic phospholipase) in Indian isolates and exoS (that encodes for GTPase activator activity) in Australian isolates, large number of acquired resistance genes, greater changes to MMR genes, and a larger pan genome as well as increased overall genetic variation in the Indian isolates.

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“…Early involvement of relevant stakeholders and actors will be critical. Strategies that could be used to achieve a national strategy to contain antimicrobial resistance are as follows: (i) raising awareness among policy makers and medical and veterinary professionals through varied communication channels, (ii) delivering a massive public education campaign with media involvement (Sánchez and Sivaraman, ), and (iii) facilitating consensus meetings with government authorities, scientists, clinicians, industry and producers (Lomas et al., ). The participation of experts in advocacy and social communication skills will be essential to strengthen this process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Collaborative Initiative For the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Mexico

Zaidi

Dreser

Figueroa

2014

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Impacts• In 2010, an unprecedented collaboration in Mexico between infectious disease specialists, public health experts, veterinarians and a wide array of stakeholders culminated in a consensus document that called for seven priority actions to improve antimicrobial use and mitigate resistance.• Although the initiative failed to achieve a comprehensive national antibiotic policy, it effectuated the enforcement of regulations requiring medical prescriptions for the sale of antibiotics, the development of national guidelines for good animal husbandry practices and a ban on five antimicrobial compounds for use in food-animals.• Establishing a national policy for containment of antimicrobial resistance is a major challenge for Mexico. Using a systemic approach, novel strategies should include a massive public education campaign and consensus meetings with stakeholders. SummaryAntimicrobial resistance exacts worldwide an increasingly significant clinical and economic toll. Despite the international calls for urgent action, antimicrobial use and resistance have been low on the Mexican government's policy agenda. In early 2010, a multidisciplinary group of experts launched a national initiative for containment of antimicrobial resistance that was endorsed by major medical, veterinary and public health institutions. The initiative called for seven priority actions including the creation of an ad hoc intersectoral advisory group, a requirement that human and veterinary antibiotics be dispensed only with prescription, and the establishment of effective surveillance systems. A consensus document was disseminated among key decision-makers at the ministries of Health and Agriculture and the legislature. The Ministry of Health (MoH) enacted a decree effective as of August 2010, which enforced the regulations that required medical prescriptions for the sale of human antibiotics. While the information disseminated by the MoH did focus on the dangers of self-medication, it failed to highlight the inherent perils of antibiotic resistance or the consequences of antibiotic use in food-animals. Following the decree, there was a surge of medical offices controlled by retail pharmacies. In the veterinary sector, voluntary guidelines were developed for good husbandry practices, including antibiotic use in food animals; five antimicrobials for use in food-animals were banned. No intersectoral advisory group or surveillance systems were established. This study describes a bottom-top approach in Mexico for the development of a national strategy to improve antibiotic use and contain antimicrobial resistance. Its experiences suggest that, in countries such as Mexico that lack strong regulatory systems and surveillance capacities, a more systemic approach is warranted. Future

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News Media Reporting of Antimicrobial Resistance in Latin America and India

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Regulation of antibiotic sales in Mexico: an analysis of printed media coverage and stakeholder participation

Regulation of antibiotic sales in Mexico: an analysis of printed media coverage and stakeholder participation

Antibiotic Resistance Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Keratitis in Australia and India

A Collaborative Initiative For the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Mexico

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