Identifying mutations that cause cystic fibrosis (CF) is important for making an early, unambiguous diagnosis, which in turn is linked to better health and a greater life expectancy. In patients of African descent, a molecular diagnosis is often confounded by the fact that the majority of investigations undertaken to identify causative mutations have been conducted on European populations, and CF-causing mutations tend to be population specific. We undertook a survey of published data with the aim of identifying causative CF mutations in patients of African descent in the Americas. We found that 1,584 chromosomes had been tested in only six countries of which 876 alleles (55.3%) still remained unidentified. There were 59 mutations identified -41 of which have been shown to cause CF, 17 have no associated functional studies and one (R117H) is of varying clinical consequence. The most common mutations identified in the Diaspora were ΔF508 (29.4%; identified in America, Colombia, Brazil and Venezuela), 3120+1G>A (8.4%; identified in Brazil, America and Colombia), G85E (3.8% identified in Brazil), 1811+1.6kbA>G (3.7% identified in Colombia), and 1342-1G>C (3.1% identified in America). The majority of the mutations identified (81.4%) have been described in just one country. Our findings indicate that there is a need to fully characterise the spectrum of CF mutations in the Diaspora in order to improve diagnostic accuracy for these patients and facilitate treatment.2