Next‐generation nanotech meds

Hunter, Philip

doi:10.15252/embr.201643694

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…There is a growing interest in "theranostic" nanoparticles, which can be used in various therapeutic applications and also as biological probes in diagnostics. 38 HA nanoparticles lack fluorescence properties, which makes it impossible for the researchers to track the location of these nanoparticles in cells or tissues during cell imaging, drug targeting, and delivery applications in vitro. 23 However, reports suggest that nanoparticles due to their small size exhibit strong interactions with normal human cells.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated Bone Regeneration by Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Functionalized with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

Khajuria

Kumar

Gigi

et al. 2018

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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We investigated the osteogenic potential of nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) conjugated with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles on the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell functions and in a zebrafish (ZF) jawbone regeneration (JBR) model. The NCDs-HA nanoparticles were fabricated by a hydrothermal cum co-precipitation technique. The surface structures of NCDs-HA nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV-vis, and laser fluorescence spectroscopies; and scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and NMR analyses. The TEM data confirmed that the NCDs are well conjugated on the HA nanoparticle surfaces. The fluorescent spectroscopy results indicated that the NCDs-HA exhibited promising luminescent emission in vitro. Finally, we validated the chemical structure of NCDs-HA nanoparticles on the basis of FTIR, EDS, and P NMR analysis and observed that NCDs are bound with HA by electrostatic interaction and H-bonding. Cell proliferation assay, alkaline phosphatase, and Alizarin red staining were used to confirm the effect of NCDs-HA nanoparticles on MC3T3-E1 osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization, respectively. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of the osteogenic genes like runt-related transcription factor 2, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin. ZF-JBR model was used to confirm the effect of NCDs-HA nanoparticles on bone regeneration. NCDs-HA nanoparticles demonstrated cell imaging ability, enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and expression of the osteogenic genes in osteoblast cells, indicating possible theranostic function. Further, NCDs-HA nanoparticles significantly enhanced ZF bone regeneration and mineral density compared to HA nanoparticles, indicating a therapeutic potential of NCDs-HA nanoparticles in bone regeneration and fracture healing.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated Bone Regeneration by Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Functionalized with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

Khajuria

Kumar

Gigi

et al. 2018

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Thus, they offer the potential for a more selective and accurate treatment in a huge variety of pathologies including infectious, auto-immune and inflammatory processes, cancer or neurodegenerative diseases, among many others, by acting as carriers of drugs enabling a targeted delivery of therapeutic agents (from small drugs to genetic material) at the cellular or subcellular level, or by the therapeutic properties of the NP itself. In addition, NPs have also potential usefulness in diagnostics which might lead to the improvement of many of currently performed medical procedures [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocytosis: The Nanoparticle and Submicron Nanocompounds Gateway into the Cell

2020

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Nanoparticles (NPs) and submicron particles are increasingly used as carriers for delivering therapeutic compounds to cells. Their entry into the cell represents the initial step in this delivery process, being most of the nanoparticles taken up by endocytosis, although other mechanisms can contribute to the uptake. To increase the delivery efficiency of therapeutic compounds by NPs and submicron particles is very relevant to understand the mechanisms involved in the uptake process. This review covers the proposed pathways involved in the cellular uptake of different NPs and submicron particles types as well as the role that some of the physicochemical nanoparticle characteristics play in the uptake pathway preferentially used by the nanoparticles to gain access and deliver their cargo inside the cell.

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“…The safety profiles of nanomaterials and nanoformulations in drug delivery and therapeutic applications are of great concern to the scientific community. To evaluate the biological activity of both the encapsulated drug and the particle in an in vitro model [159], it is necessary to first assess the type of target cell [160], the route of administration of the system [161], the degree of cellular uptake, and the release kinetics of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the tissues [162]. Some fundamental evaluations, such as cell line and model selection, interaction with biological fluids, and toxicological evaluations, are detailed below.…”

Section: Challenges For In Vitro Biological Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Human Therapeutic Nanoparticle Development

et al. 2022

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Nanomedicine plays an essential role in developing new therapies through novel drug delivery systems, diagnostic and imaging systems, vaccine development, antibacterial tools, and high-throughput screening. One of the most promising drug delivery systems are nanoparticles, which can be designed with various compositions, sizes, shapes, and surface modifications. These nanosystems have improved therapeutic profiles, increased bioavailability, and reduced the toxicity of the product they carry. However, the clinical translation of nanomedicines requires a thorough understanding of their properties to avoid problems with the most questioned aspect of nanosystems: safety. The particular physicochemical properties of nano-drugs lead to the need for additional safety, quality, and efficacy testing. Consequently, challenges arise during the physicochemical characterization, the production process, in vitro characterization, in vivo characterization, and the clinical stages of development of these biopharmaceuticals. The lack of a specific regulatory framework for nanoformulations has caused significant gaps in the requirements needed to be successful during their approval, especially with tests that demonstrate their safety and efficacy. Researchers face many difficulties in establishing evidence to extrapolate results from one level of development to another, for example, from an in vitro demonstration phase to an in vivo demonstration phase. Additional guidance is required to cover the particularities of this type of product, as some challenges in the regulatory framework do not allow for an accurate assessment of NPs with sufficient evidence of clinical success. This work aims to identify current regulatory issues during the implementation of nanoparticle assays and describe the major challenges that researchers have faced when exposing a new formulation. We further reflect on the current regulatory standards required for the approval of these biopharmaceuticals and the requirements demanded by the regulatory agencies. Our work will provide helpful information to improve the success of nanomedicines by compiling the challenges described in the literature that support the development of this novel encapsulation system. We propose a step-by-step approach through the different stages of the development of nanoformulations, from their design to the clinical stage, exemplifying the different challenges and the measures taken by the regulatory agencies to respond to these challenges.

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Next‐generation nanotech meds

Abstract: A new generation of anorganic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes show intriguing properties that inspire new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches against a range of diseases.

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Accelerated Bone Regeneration by Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Functionalized with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

Accelerated Bone Regeneration by Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Functionalized with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

Endocytosis: The Nanoparticle and Submicron Nanocompounds Gateway into the Cell

The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Human Therapeutic Nanoparticle Development

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