Next-generation treatments: Immunotherapy and advanced therapies for COVID-19

Arevalo-Romero, Jenny Andrea; Chingaté-López, Sandra M.; Camacho, Bernardo Armando; Alméciga-Díaz, Carlos Javier; Ramirez-Segura, Cesar A.

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26423

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 200 publications

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“…Given the susceptibility of the S protein to mutations, efforts are shifting towards more conserved regions like the N protein, which could potentially address concern about viral mutations and improve immune responses [296]. Overall, the development of next-generation vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 requires long-term immunity, which is capable of addressing viral mutations and promoting cross-protection [297]. The insights gleaned from these studies and approaches can further enhance the therapeutic potential of antibody-based treatments, providing valuable guidance for addressing future challenges posed by emerging mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2

Kumar,

Tripathi,

Kumar

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is crucial to comprehending disease progression and the significance of vaccine and therapeutic development. The emergence of highly contagious variants poses a significant challenge to humoral immunity, underscoring the necessity of grasping the intricacies of specific antibodies. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of antibodies in shaping immune responses and their implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It delves into the kinetics and characteristics of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and explores current antibody-based diagnostics, discussing their strengths, clinical utility, and limitations. Furthermore, we underscore the therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, discussing various antibody-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, anti-cytokines, convalescent plasma, and hyperimmunoglobulin-based therapies. Moreover, we offer insights into antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, emphasizing the significance of neutralizing antibodies in order to confer immunity to SARS-CoV-2, along with emerging variants of concern (VOCs) and circulating Omicron subvariants. We also highlight challenges in the field, such as the risks of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and shed light on the challenges associated with the original antigenic sin (OAS) effect and long COVID. Overall, this review intends to provide valuable insights, which are crucial to advancing sensitive diagnostic tools, identifying efficient antibody-based therapeutics, and developing effective vaccines to combat the evolving threat of SARS-CoV-2 variants on a global scale.

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Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2

Kumar,

Tripathi,

Kumar

et al. 2024

Vaccines

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“… 66 Thus, allocating additional resources to research aimed at clinical treatments is vital, especially for individuals at high risk of severe illness or complications, or for whom vaccination alone may not suffice to safeguard their lives. 67 Notably, passive immunotherapy strategies have emerged as crucial components of clinical therapies against COVID‐19, showing promising efficacy in virus clearance, syndrome attenuation, and tissue repair. 68 These strategies encompass monoclonal antibody‐based treatment, ACE2 decoy receptor, T‐cell‐based therapies (SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific T‐cell therapy), extracellular vesicle‐based therapy, and NK‐cell‐based therapy.…”

Section: Strategies For Overcoming the Evasion Of Jn1mentioning

confidence: 99%

The rising SARS‐CoV‐2 JN.1 variant: evolution, infectivity, immune escape, and response strategies

Lu,

Ao,

et al. 2024

MedComm

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The JN.1 variant of COVID‐19 has emerged as the dominant strain worldwide since the end of 2023. As a subclade of the BA.2.86 variant, JN.1 harbors a unique combination of mutations inherited from the BA.2.86 lineage, notably featuring the novel L455S mutation within its receptor‐binding motif. This mutation has been linked to increased transmissibility and enhanced immune evasion capabilities. During the rise of JN.1, evidence of resistance to various monoclonal antibodies and reduced cross‐neutralization effects of the XBB.1.5 vaccine have been observed. Although the public health threat posed by the JN.1 variant appears relatively low, concerns persist regarding its evolutionary trajectory under immune pressure. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving JN.1 variant, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and investigation of new variants that could lead to widespread infection. It assesses the efficacy of current vaccines and therapeutics against emerging variants, particularly focusing on immunocompromised populations. Additionally, this review summarizes potential vaccine advancements and clinical treatments for COVID‐19, offering insights to optimize prevention and treatment strategies. This review thoroughly evaluates the JN.1 variant's impact on public health and its implications for future vaccine and therapeutic development, contributing to ongoing efforts to mitigate the risk of virus transmission and disease severity.

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Immunoinformatics-Based Design of Broad-Spectrum Multi-Epitope Vaccines Targeting Mutations in Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Mei,

Xie,

Lin

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, intensified by emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutations, highlights the urgent need for enhanced vaccines. Despite considerable efforts in vaccine design, improvements are still required in formulating vaccines targeting the novel coronavirus. This study, utilized immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology to design multi-epitope vaccines targeting emerging variations. B and T cell epitopes were generated by analyzing the mutation sites of the prevalent variant strains, and two vaccines were designed by linking with two different adjuvants. Interaction of the model vaccines with four Toll-like receptors (TLR) revealed a relatively high affinity between vaccines and immune receptors. Codon optimization and computational cloning were conducted to validate the robustness of the multi-epitope vaccines and immunogenic simulations were performed to assess the antigenicity and antibody generation capability of the vaccine. The L455S mutation in the JN.1 variant and its adjacent F456L mutation on antibody effectiveness against the XBB variant revealed that 15 antibody structures maintained a certain level of binding affinity. This study offers an immunological evaluation from a mutation-centric perspective and integrates co-evolutionary analysis with immunoinformatics to design effective multi-epitope vaccines targeting various SARS-CoV-2 strains. The methodologies applied in this research can also be extended to the vaccine development for other pathogens.

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Next-generation treatments: Immunotherapy and advanced therapies for COVID-19

Cited by 5 publications

References 200 publications

From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2

From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2

The rising SARS‐CoV‐2 JN.1 variant: evolution, infectivity, immune escape, and response strategies

Immunoinformatics-Based Design of Broad-Spectrum Multi-Epitope Vaccines Targeting Mutations in Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants

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