NF-κB mediated regulation of tumor cell proliferation in hypoxic microenvironment

Abstract

Hypoxia is caused by a cancer-promoting milieu characterized by persistent inflammation. NF-κB and HIF-1α are critical participants in this transition. Tumor development and maintenance are aided by NF-κB, while cellular proliferation and adaptability to angiogenic signals are aided by HIF-1α. Prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) has been hypothesized to be the key oxygen-dependent regulator of HIF-1α and NF-transcriptional B’s activity. Without low oxygen levels, HIF-1α is degraded by the proteasome in a process dependent on oxygen and 2-oxoglutarate. As opposed to the normal NF-κB activation route, where NF-κB is deactivated by PHD-2-mediated hydroxylation of IKK, this method actually activates NF-κB. HIF-1α is protected from degradation by proteasomes in hypoxic cells, where it then activates transcription factors involved in cellular metastasis and angiogenesis. The Pasteur phenomenon causes lactate to build up inside the hypoxic cells. As part of a process known as lactate shuttle, MCT-1 and MCT-4 cells help deliver lactate from the blood to neighboring, non-hypoxic tumour cells. Non-hypoxic tumour cells use lactate, which is converted to pyruvate, as fuel for oxidative phosphorylation. OXOPHOS cancer cells are characterized by a metabolic switch from glucose-facilitated oxidative phosphorylation to lactate-facilitated oxidative phosphorylation. Although PHD-2 was found in OXOPHOS cells. There is no clear explanation for the presence of NF-kappa B activity. The accumulation of the competitive inhibitor of 2-oxo-glutarate, pyruvate, in non-hypoxic tumour cells is well established. So, we conclude that PHD-2 is inactive in non-hypoxic tumour cells due to pyruvate-mediated competitive suppression of 2-oxo-glutarate. This results in canonical activation of NF-κB. In non-hypoxic tumour cells, 2-oxoglutarate serves as a limiting factor, rendering PHD-2 inactive. However, FIH prevents HIF-1α from engaging in its transcriptional actions. Using the existing scientific literature, we conclude in this study that NF-κB is the major regulator of tumour cell growth and proliferation via pyruvate-mediated competitive inhibition of PHD-2.

Immunogenic cell death mediated TLR3/4-activated MSCs in U87 GBM cell line

“…Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is severely reported as a critical factor for tumour progression. Previous studies demonstrated that tumour development and maintenance are supported by NF-κB, while cellular proliferation and adaptableness to angiogenic signals are assisted by HIF-1α [ 45 ]. In this regard, PX-478, an inhibitor of HIF-1α, was used to confirm the effect of HIF-1α blockage on U87 cell lines and its contribution in tumour progression.…”

Identification and Validation of a m5c-related lncrna signature predict prognosis and immune response of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

“…Studies had shown that SARS-CoV-2 can down-regulate the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2, thereby affecting the prognosis of KIRP(kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma) patients through metabolism and immune regulation [40]. NF − kappa B is involved in the regulation of hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and plays an important role in the development and maintenance of tumors [41]. As a multifunctional lymphokine, more and more studies had shown that IL-17 has a dual role in tumor development, but its main role in ccRCC seemed to be promoting tumor, which needs further explore [42].…”

Hypoxia inducible factor-1ɑ as a potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma metastasis

“…Prior to the infiltration of metastatic tumor cells into the host organ, the coordinated actions of cytokines, exosomes, and metabolites help to create a pre-metastatic milieu in particular organs prior to the entry of metastatic tumor cells and aid circulating tumor cells in completing colonization ( Peinado et al, 2017 ). Surprisingly, the acidification milieu and elevated extracellular lactate levels also play a vital role in the immunological regulation of tumor cells and the promotion of neovascularization ( Gottfried et al, 2006 ; Végran et al, 2011 ; Brand et al, 2016 ; Rastogi et al, 2023 ).…”