“…Transcription factor nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), which is sensitive to ROS production and oxidative stress, is thought to play a key role in the development of several liver diseases including hepatitis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (Sun and Karin, ; Morgan and Liu, ). Recent studies have reported that MC‐LR induced activation of NF‐κB in HepG2 cells (Feng et al, ), rat insulinoma cells (INS‐1) (Ji et al, ), melanoma cells (MDA‐MB‐435) (Zhang et al, ), human hepatoma cells (Huh7) (Christen et al, ), mice hepatocytes (Zhang et al, ), and HeLa cells (Chen et al, ). MC‐LR promoted nuclear translocation and activation of p65 subunit of NF‐κB, resulting in cellular apoptosis.…”