NFK prevent postoperative abdominal adhesion through downregulating the TGF-β1 signaling pathway

Chitosan-crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol anti-swelling hydrogel designed to prevent abdominal wall adhesion

“…Wound clots, mesothelial injuries, or foreign objects such as gauze are the leading causes of postoperative adhesions and abnormal fibrous connections between organs and surrounding tissues [ [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] ]. Almost every region of the body can develop postoperative adhesions, which can result in complications such as intestinal obstruction, reduced ventricular contractions, chronic pain, and female infertility [ [11] , [12] , [13] ]. As a result, patients may have lifetime risks, and their medical burden would significantly increase.…”

Nanofiber Hydrogel Drug Delivery System for Prevention of Postsurgical Intestinal Adhesion

“…Postsurgical intestinal adhesion (PIA) is one of the complications after abdominal operation with a high prevalence of 63–97%, , which can lead to various medical problems such as bowel obstruction, chronic abdominal pain, and sterility in females . Consequently, a significant amount of money has been spent on repetitive surgical treatments, such as adhesiolysis, to overcome PIA with limited success.…”

“…Previous studies have found that PIAs are caused by the inflammatory response and fibrin deposition due to mechanical damage to the peritoneum during abdominal surgery, , This phenomenon is thought to be related to the tissue healing mechanism. The body exhibits strong self-healing abilities after peritoneal injury .…”

“…The body exhibits strong self-healing abilities after peritoneal injury . The interaction between coagulation, inflammation, and fibrinolysis has a significant effect on the formation of adhesions during tissue repair . First, bleeding during surgery triggers the body’s inflammatory response. , A large influx of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils enter the peritoneal fluid and remain there for 1–2 days. , These cells release proinflammatory factors like IL-6 and TNF-α, which directly affect the adhesion severity.…”