“…The two peaks of Ni 2p 3/2 in Ni/V 2 O 3 ‐300 are located at 855.87 and 856.65 eV, corresponding to Ni 2+ and Ni 3+ , respectively 45,46 . When the reduction temperature exceeds 300°C, a new peak appears at 853.24 eV for Ni 2p 3/2 , corresponding to metallic Ni 0 47,48 . By analyzing the XPS peak area of the metal elements, it was found that as the reduction temperature increased from 300 to 700°C, the proportion of Ni 0 increased from 0% to 24%, while the proportion of Ni 3+ decreased from 54% to 18% (Figure S15).…”