Niche conservatism and the differences in species richness at the transition of tropical and subtropical climates in South America

Giehl, Eduardo Luís Hettwer; Jarenkow, João André

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.07430.x

Cited by 58 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Few studies have examined geographic variation of phylogenetic relatedness of species at a broad geo- graphic extent, and, to our knowledge, our study is the first to examine phylogenetic relatedness of plant species in regional assemblages along the gradients of MINT across a continental region. Nevertheless, both Kooyman et al (2011) and Giehl & Jarenkow (2012) found that woody species in subtropical and warm temperate samples are more phylogenetically clustered than those in tropical samples, which is consistent with our finding. Giehl & Jarenkow (2012) examined phylogenetic relatedness of trees in local assemblages (c. 1 ha) constrained to only about 10°in latitude in tropical and subtropical regions in South America.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…tree species are more phylogenetically clustered in areas with lower MINT, provides direct support to a key prediction of the phylogenetic niche conservatism hypothesis. Phylogenetic niche conservatism hypothesis in general and tropical conservatism hypothesis in particular (Wiens & Donoghue, 2004) have been formulated to explain differences in species diversity between tropical and temperate regions but neither Kooyman et al (2011) nor Giehl & Jarenkow (2012) included temperate regions. Kooyman et al (2011) examined phylogenetic relatedness of woody plants in local assemblages (c. 0.1-0.5 ha) in tropical and subtropical regions in eastern Australia but they did not relate measures of phylogenetic relatedness to climatic variables in general and MINT in particular.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Latitudinal gradients in phylogenetic relatedness of angiosperm trees in North America

Qian

Zhang

et al. 2013

Global Ecology and Biogeography

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Aim To test two predictions of the phylogenetic niche conservatism hypothesis for the latitudinal diversity gradient: (1) species in colder regions tend to be more phylogenetically related to each other (i.e. greater phylogenetic clustering) than those in warmer regions, and (2) clades are younger in colder regions. Location North America. Methods Correlation analysis was used to relate richness, mean clade age and phylogenetic relatedness (measured as phylogenetic species variability and net relatedness index) of angiosperm trees in 1175 regional assemblages (each with 12100 km2) to latitude and minimum temperature. The analysis was conducted for North America north of Mexico as a whole as well as for each of the three longitudinal bands (eastern, central and western) of North America. Results Species richness and mean clade age are negatively correlated with latitude and positively correlated with minimum temperature. Tree species in regional assemblages tend to be more phylogenetically related (clustered) in regions at higher latitudes with lower temperatures. Main conclusions The results of this study support two of the major predictions of the phylogenetic niche conservatism hypothesis for the latitudinal diversity gradient: species tend to be more phylogenetically clustered and ages of clades tend to be younger in colder regions, compared with those in warmer regions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latitudinal gradients in phylogenetic relatedness of angiosperm trees in North America

Qian

Zhang

et al. 2013

Global Ecology and Biogeography

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“…Bridge species are remarkably pervasive in marine bivalves and are also known in terrestrial clades (61,62); their evolutionary and biogeographic role deserves investigation. However, caution is needed when inferring process from present day species distributions, as species have almost certainly been repositioned by repeated, extensive reshuffling in response to Pleistocene climate fluctuations in both marine and terrestrial settings (63,64).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Out of the tropics, but how? Fossils, bridge species, and thermal ranges in the dynamics of the marine latitudinal diversity gradient

Jablonski

Belanger

Berke

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

194

202

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Latitudinal diversity gradients are underlain by complex combinations of origination, extinction, and shifts in geographic distribution and therefore are best analyzed by integrating paleontological and neontological data. The fossil record of marine bivalves shows, in three successive late Cenozoic time slices, that most clades (operationally here, genera) tend to originate in the tropics and then expand out of the tropics (OTT) to higher latitudes while retaining their tropical presence. This OTT pattern is robust both to assumptions on the preservation potential of taxa and to taxonomic revisions of extant and fossil species. Range expansion of clades may occur via "bridge species," which violate climate-niche conservatism to bridge the tropical-temperate boundary in most OTT genera. Substantial time lags (∼5 Myr) between the origins of tropical clades and their entry into the temperate zone suggest that OTT events are rare on a per-clade basis. Clades with higher diversification rates within the tropics are the most likely to expand OTT and the most likely to produce multiple bridge species, suggesting that high speciation rates promote the OTT dynamic. Although expansion of thermal tolerances is key to the OTT dynamic, most latitudinally widespread species instead achieve their broad ranges by tracking widespread, spatially-uniform temperatures within the tropics (yielding, via the nonlinear relation between temperature and latitude, a pattern opposite to Rapoport's rule). This decoupling of range size and temperature tolerance may also explain the differing roles of species and clade ranges in buffering species from background and mass extinctions.biodiversity | biogeography | climate | macroecology | macroevolution T he latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), meaning the decrease in the number of species and higher taxa from the equator to the poles, is as pervasive among marine organisms as it is on land (1, 2). Although the marine LDG is increasingly well documented, we are only beginning to understand the evolutionary and biogeographic dynamics of speciation, extinction, and distributional shifts that generate and maintain it. Here we evaluate these dynamics in marine bivalves, a group that not only parallels diversity patterns of the overall marine biota (1-3), but permits the integration of biogeographic, phylogenetic, and spatially explicit paleontological data (4, 5) and has thus become a model system for macroecological and macroevolutionary analysis. Extending our previous work, we show that clade origination in the tropics and range expansion out of the tropics [the OTT model (5)] are major factors in the origin and maintenance of the bivalve LDG. We reanalyze and update paleontological data on the OTT dynamic and present evidence that at least some bridge species, whose ranges cross the tropical/extratropical boundary, are important in the expansion of lineages along the LDG. Although bridge species violate niche conservatism with their expanded thermal ranges, we find that species with narrow th...

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“…Qian et al . () for China, Giehl & Jarenkow () for Brazil, Kooyman et al . () for Australia], but not at a global scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Patterns of phylogenetic relatedness of angiosperm woody plants across biomes and life‐history stages

Qian

Jin

Ricklefs

2017

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim The tropical niche conservatism (TNC) hypothesis predicts that species in colder or drier climates should on average be more closely related to each other (more phylogenetically clustered) than those in warmer or wetter climates, but a global test of this prediction for local forest communities is lacking. In this study, we test this prediction by analysing a comprehensive dataset of forest communities that covers all forest biomes across the world. Furthermore, within a forest community, vegetation layers from understorey to canopy could be considered a gradient of biotic interaction, on one hand, and an environmental gradient, on the other hand. We assess trends of phylogenetic relatedness of tree species across strata of forests in different forest biomes across the world. Location Global. Method We analysed 186 forest plots, each being 0.1 ha in size. For each forest plot, we divided stems into three stem‐size classes. Net relatedness index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI) for angiosperm woody plant assemblages were calculated for each forest plot and for each stem‐size class of the plot. NRI and NTI of forest plots were related to temperature and precipitation in the framework of Whittaker's biome system. Results When both deep and shallow evolutionary histories of woody species were considered, angiosperm woody plants tended to be more closely related in colder and/or drier climates. Phylogenetic relatedness was greater (i.e. more phylogenetic clustering) among trees with larger stems than among trees with smaller stems at the global scale. Main conclusions Our finding that species are more closely related towards colder and/or dryer biomes is consistent with the prediction of the TNC hypothesis. The pattern of increasing phylogenetic relatedness towards the upper canopy layer of a forest is stronger in temperate compared to tropical regions, suggesting stronger environmental filtering in the more stressful canopy environment.

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Niche conservatism and the differences in species richness at the transition of tropical and subtropical climates in South America

Cited by 58 publications

References 42 publications

Latitudinal gradients in phylogenetic relatedness of angiosperm trees in North America

Latitudinal gradients in phylogenetic relatedness of angiosperm trees in North America

Out of the tropics, but how? Fossils, bridge species, and thermal ranges in the dynamics of the marine latitudinal diversity gradient

Patterns of phylogenetic relatedness of angiosperm woody plants across biomes and life‐history stages

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