“…Because of optical band gaps near 400 nm, it has been used extensively as good photo(electro)catalysts ( Ansari et al, 2013 ; Choi et al, 2015 ; Kang et al, 2019 ; Yu et al, 2020 ). For metallic In, it has been used for formate (or CO) production by the electrochemical method ( Ma et al, 2019 ; Murali et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ; Hou et al, 2020 ; Yang et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2021 ; Ma et al, 2021 ; Teng et al, 2021 ; Wei et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2021 ; Xiao et al, 2021 ), where two major reaction channels include 1) forming surface CO (from HOOC ad ) and 2) surface OCHO ( Li et al, 2021 ). Desirable CO 2 reduction products have been obtained by modification of In surface that include hybridization (metal/metal and metal-nonmetal), defects, core-shells, and synthetic methods ( Ma et al, 2019 ; Murali et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ; Hou et al, 2020 ; Yang et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2021 ; Ma et al, 2021 ; Teng et al, 2021 ; Wei et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2021 ; Xiao et al, 2021 ).…”