β
-Elemene is the major active ingredient of TCM anticancer drug elemene extracts. To further improve its antitumor activity and poor solubility, a polar HDACi pharmacophore was incorporated its scaffold. Systematic SAR studies led to the discovery of compounds
27f
and
39f
, which exhibited potent inhibitory activity against HDACs (HDAC1: IC
50
= 22 and 9 nM; HDAC6: 8 and 14 nM, respectively). In cellular levels,
27f
and
39f
significantly inhibited cell proliferation of five tumour cell lines (IC
50
: 0.79 - 4.42 µM). Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that
27f
and
39f
efficiently induced cell apoptosis. Unexpectedly, compound
39f
could also stimulate cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Further
in vivo
study in WSU-DLCL-2 xenografted mouse model validated the antitumor activities of
27f
, without significant toxicity. The results suggest the therapeutic potential of these HDACs inhibitors in lymphoma and provide valuable insight and understanding for further structural optimisation around
β
-elemene scaffold.