Nickel-loaded ZSM-5 catalysed hydrogenation of oleic acid: The game between acid sites and metal centres

ZSM-5-Supported Graphene-Encapsulated Nickel Nanoparticles: Formation, Properties, and Exceptional Performance in Lipid Hydrogenation

“…The steps used to prepare LiZSM-5 were the same as those described in our previous report . First, 15 g of HZSM-5 was added to 150 mL of a 0.1 M lithium hydroxide aqueous solution.…”

“…The samples prepared using sucrose/ d -glucose/citric acid/ d -sorbitol as the carbon source were denoted as Ni@C Z /H­(Li)­ZSM-5, Ni@C P /H­(Li)­ZSM-5, Ni@C N /H­(Li)­ZSM-5, and Ni@C S /H­(Li)­ZSM-5, respectively. For comparison, traditional nickel-loaded ZSM-5 catalysts were also prepared by the method we previously reported, , which were denoted as Ni/HZSM-5 and Ni/LiZSM-5.…”

“…In general, the content of unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbons in bio-oil, such as Jatropha oil, sunflower seed oil, rubber seed oil, and rapeseed, is higher than 80%. Converting bio-oil to jet fuel requires a series of conversion processes of deoxidation, cracking, aromatization, and isomerization, which can be realized by the synergistic catalytic action of the Brønsted acid site, Lewis acid site, and metal center. − According to relevant research, − catalysts with metal elements dispersed on solid supporters have an excellent performance on biojet oil production. From the perspective of hydrogenation performance, noble metals, such as platinum, rhodium, and palladium, are the best choice as metal centers, but noble metals are too expensive to be used in large-scale industrial production. , In comparison, the price of nickel is usually less than one-thousandth of the noble metals, , and more suitable to promote in the industry.…”

“…Because of the two-electron vacancies in the 3d orbital, nickel has a high activity for hydrogen activation . However, problems such as agglomeration and loss of nickel particles in practical application have not been well solved, , especially in high-temperature reactions. Although adding surfactants, such as alcohol and citric acid, can reduce the nickel-particle size to a certain extent in the synthesis process, , the nickel particles will aggregate in the subsequent reaction.…”

Lewis acid Ni/Al-MCM-41 catalysts for H2-free deoxygenation of Reutealis trisperma oil to biofuels

“…5,6 In tropical countries, the development of biofuel has gained increasing popularity due to the availability of biomass as carbon feedstock. 7,8 Non-edible oil such as Jatropha curcas oil, [9][10][11] waste cooking oil, 12,13 palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), 14,15 macauba oil, 16 calophyllum oil, 17 karanja oil 18 and Reutealis trisperma oil (RTO) have been investigated as carbon feedstocks for bio-fuel production. Reutealis trisperma is largely grown in Asian countries such as Philippine, Indonesia, Malaysia, India and China.…”