Nickel/woodceramics assembled with lignin-based carbon nanosheets and multilayer graphene as supercapacitor electrode

High-performance nanostructured bio-based carbon electrodes for energy storage applications

“…The pore size and porosity of the film were found to be influenced by the amount of lignin (8–20 wt.%) that in turn influenced the UV adsorption and electric resistance properties of lignin-based carbon thin film. Recently, more complex lignin-based carbon thin film structures have been developed (Sun et al 2019a ; Luo et al 2019 ). Interestingly, the addition of NiCl 2 as a catalyst and Na 2 CO 3 as both a template and an activator to lignin solution had a pronounced effect on the physical properties of lignin-based carbon thin film (Sun et al 2019a ).…”

“…Recently, more complex lignin-based carbon thin film structures have been developed (Sun et al 2019a ; Luo et al 2019 ). Interestingly, the addition of NiCl 2 as a catalyst and Na 2 CO 3 as both a template and an activator to lignin solution had a pronounced effect on the physical properties of lignin-based carbon thin film (Sun et al 2019a ). Specific surface area of pristine lignin-based carbon thin film carbonized at 1000 °C was measured to be around 287 m 2 g −1 , while lignin-based carbon thin film incorporated with Na 2 CO 3 and treated with NiCl 2 carbonized at the same temperature was measured to be around 730 m 2 g −1 .…”

Self-assembly of biomass-based hybrid hydrogel electrode for an additive-free flexible supercapacitor

“…9 With these merits, the use of the GO/lignin composite as electrodes has undergone rapid development and enhanced capacitance performance has been achieved. However, challenges still exist because of the insufficient defect sites, and the high resistance of this composite, which results in a poor recycling performance, 10 thus overcoming the defect sites issue without increasing its intrinsic resistance is emerging as an important topic for the long-term stability and practical applications for GO/lignin based electrode materials.…”

Cobalt nanoparticle catalysed graphitization and the effect of metal precursor decomposition temperature

“…[15][16][17] Such methods have been applied to form hard carbon anodes for sodium and lithium ion batteries and supercapacitor electrodes. [18][19][20] The transformation of carbon into graphite is known to occur spontaneously, but only at very high temperatures often exceeding 2000 1C. 17 The presence of transition metals reduces the temperature at which this process happens thanks to dissolution/precipitation by which the carbon forms a high temperature super saturated solution in the metal (or in some cases stable metal carbide) that precipitates forming graphite crystals.…”

“…17,[23][24][25][26][27] In a study of this process Sevilla et al proposed the conversion proceeded by the decomposition of the metal precursor and carbon material to produce metal, or metal oxide, nanoparticles embedded in an amorphous carbon structure; these nanoparticles then convert the surrounding carbon into graphitic crystallites. 25,28 Many carbon based materials can in principle be graphitized but the most common approaches use: polymer xerogels from emulsion polymerization to form a polymer foam with transition metal salts dissolved in the aqueous phase; 23,25,[29][30][31][32] insoluble carbon feedstocks, often biomass, into which metal salt solutions are soaked; 19,28,[33][34][35] and solutions of both metal salts and carbon feedstock that form well mixed materials when dried. 22,26,36,37 The most common catalyst precursors are transition metal salts, often of Fe, Ni or Co, that decompose at elevated temperatures to form the catalytic metal.…”