A factor that blocks serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-induced maturation of Spisula oocytes was purified from Spisula oocytes by ultrafiltration through a PM-10 membrane, charcoal adsorption, and reversed-phase HPLC on a Partisil ODS-3 column. The oocyte factor is a heat-stable, non-proteinaceous compound with an estimated Mr of less than 1,000 Da. It blocked 5-HT-induced maturation of Spisula ooctyes at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 kg/ml. It did not influence KC1-or potassium-glutamate-induced maturation of Spisula oocytes or the maturation of mouse, Chaetopterus, Xenopus, or Asterias oocytes. The oocyte substance may function as a modulator of 5-HT action andlor be the endogenous meiotic arresting factor in Spisula oocytes. At concentrations exceeding 100 kl/ml, the oocyte factor induced formation of blebs and cytoplasmic droplets.