Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: Exploration of Diverse Therapeutic Applications of a Potential Molecule

Abstract

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a nucleotide that is most recognized for its role as an intermediate of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis. Although the biosynthetic pathway of NMN varies between eukaryote and prokaryote, two pathways are mainly followed in case of eukaryotic human—one is through the salvage pathway using nicotinamide while the other follows phosphorylation of nicotinamide riboside. Due to the unavailability of a suitable transporter, NMN enters inside the mammalian cell in the form of nicotinamide riboside followed by its subsequent conversion to NMN and NAD+. This particular molecule has demonstrated several beneficial pharmacological activities in preclinical studies, which suggest its potential therapeutic use. Mostly mediated by its involvement in NAD+ biosynthesis, the pharmacological activities of NMN include its role in cellular biochemical functions, cardioprotection, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and complications associated with obesity. The recent groundbreaking discovery of anti-ageing activities of this chemical moiety has added a valuable essence in the research involving this molecule. This review focuses on the biosynthesis of NMN in mammalian and prokaryotic cells and mechanism of absorption along with the reported pharmacological activities in murine model.

Impaired nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism in diabetes and diabetic tissues: Implications for nicotinamide‐related compound treatment

“…More recently, NMN was tested in rodents 39,136 . Compared with NR, the metabolism of orally administered NMN is not fully understood.…”

Imbalance of Lysine Acetylation Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

“…Recently, human clinical trials have indicated that supplementation with the NAD + precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) is well tolerated, elevates NAD + levels in healthy adults, and reduces the levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines in patients [ 131 , 132 ]. Another NAD + precursor, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), also increases NAD + levels in mitochondria and protects mitochondria [ 133 ]. These findings suggest that NAD + precursors are potential clinical drugs for PD treatment.…”

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: A Promising Molecule for Therapy of Diverse Diseases by Targeting NAD+ Metabolism

“…Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is one of the intermediates in NAD+ biosynthesis and is a bioactive nucleotide formed by the reaction between a phosphate group and a nucleoside containing ribose and nicotinamide (NAM) (Poddar et al, 2019). NAM is directly converted to NMN by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT).…”

“…NAM is directly converted to NMN by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). The molecular weight of NMN is 334.221 g/mol (Poddar et al, 2019). There are two anomeric forms of NMN named alpha and beta, and the latter is the active form (Poddar et al, 2019).…”

“…The molecular weight of NMN is 334.221 g/mol (Poddar et al, 2019). There are two anomeric forms of NMN named alpha and beta, and the latter is the active form (Poddar et al, 2019). NMN is found in various types of natural foods, such as vegetables, fruits, and meat.…”