Nicotine, aerosol particles, carbonyls and volatile organic compounds in tobacco- and menthol-flavored e-cigarettes

Lee, Mi-Sun; LeBouf, Ryan F.; Son, Youn-Suk; Koutrakis, Petros; Christiani, David C.

doi:10.1186/s12940-017-0249-x

Cited by 85 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Prior studies have shown that e-cigarettes release nanoparticles in comparable amounts to combustible cigarettes, which can deposit deep in the alveolar region to smaller airways/peripheral areas. Inhaling these nanoparticles provides a route of exposure of toxic chemicals to the bloodstream (Lee et al, 2017 ). These nanoparticles included copper, tin, chromium and nickel that can pose detrimental health risks (Williams et al, 2013 ; Lerner et al, 2015a ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses Induced by Exposure to Commonly Used e-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals and Flavored e-Liquids without Nicotine

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The respiratory health effects of inhalation exposure to e-cigarette flavoring chemicals are not well understood. We focused our study on the immuno-toxicological and the oxidative stress effects by these e-cigarette flavoring chemicals on two types of human monocytic cell lines, Mono Mac 6 (MM6) and U937. The potential to cause oxidative stress by these flavoring chemicals was assessed by measuring the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesized that the flavoring chemicals used in e-juices/e-liquids induce an inflammatory response, cellular toxicity, and ROS production.Methods: Two monocytic cell types, MM6 and U937 were exposed to commonly used e-cigarette flavoring chemicals; diacetyl, cinnamaldehyde, acetoin, pentanedione, o-vanillin, maltol and coumarin at different doses between 10 and 1,000 μM. Cell viability and the concentrations of the secreted inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8) were measured in the conditioned media. Cell-free ROS produced by these commonly used flavoring chemicals were also measured using a 2′,7′dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe. These DCF fluorescence data were expressed as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) equivalents. Cytotoxicity due to the exposure to selected e-liquids was assessed by cell viability and the IL-8 inflammatory cytokine response in the conditioned media.Results: Treatment of the cells with flavoring chemicals and flavored e-liquid without nicotine caused cytotoxicity dose-dependently. The exposed monocytic cells secreted interleukin 8 (IL-8) chemokine in a dose-dependent manner compared to the unexposed cell groups depicting a biologically significant inflammatory response. The measurement of cell-free ROS by the flavoring chemicals and e-liquids showed significantly increased levels of H2O2 equivalents in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control reagents. Mixing a variety of flavors resulted in greater cytotoxicity and cell-free ROS levels compared to the treatments with individual flavors, suggesting that mixing of multiple flavors of e-liquids are more harmful to the users.Conclusions: Our data suggest that the flavorings used in e-juices can trigger an inflammatory response in monocytes, mediated by ROS production, providing insights into potential pulmonary toxicity and tissue damage in e-cigarette users.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses Induced by Exposure to Commonly Used e-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals and Flavored e-Liquids without Nicotine

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Studies of vape liquids consistently confi rm the presence of toxic substances in the resulting vape aerosol. [37][38][39][40] Depending on the combination of fl avorings and solvents in a given e-liquid, a variety of chemicals can be detected in the aerosol from various vaping devices. Chemicals that may be detected include known irritants of respiratory mucosa, as well as various carcinogens.…”

Section: ■ Bad Things In E-liquid Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaping: The new wave of nicotine addiction

Dinardo

Rome

2019

CCJM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Vaping devices, introduced to the US market in 2007 as aids for smoking cessation, have become popular among youth and young adults because of their enticing fl avors and perceived lack of negative health effects. However, evidence is emerging that vaping may introduce high levels of dangerous chemicals into the body and cause severe lung injury and death. This article reviews the history and prevalence of vaping and available research on its health effects and effi cacy in smoking cessation, and proposes recommendations for clinicians and legislators to reduce harms associated with vaping. KEY POINTS Vaping is a common gateway to tobacco and marijuana use for adolescents and adults. The Juul vaping device delivers high nicotine concentrations that may pose a higher risk of nicotine addiction. Vaping has had unintended consequences that include poisoning of children who swallowed liquid nicotine, fi res and explosions from defective batteries in the devices, and effects on the developing brain. Vaping is associated with respiratory illness and, in rare cases, death, likely due to vaporized agents introduced into the lungs. Small amounts of heavy metals, acetone, and other carcinogenic compounds in the vaping aerosol may cause lung damage.

show abstract

“…28,29 Analyses of e-cigarette aerosols have indicated detectable air pollutant levels on the basis of markers like particulate matter mass concentration (eg, PM2.5) and particle number concentration. 30,31 Other toxicants found in e-cigarette vapor include formalin, acetaldehyde, isoprene, acetic acid, 2-butanodione, acetone, and propanol. 32 Some studies report that that the levels of e-cigarette toxicants do not present a health risk 28,33 or are lower than those present for combustible cigarettes, 28 while other studies suggest that the levels are concerning.…”

Section: Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on Various Organ Systems

2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) has been regarded by many as a healthier alternative to the combustible cigarette, yet there is a lack of consensus concerning the health consequences and the health benefits associated with e-cigarette use. We review the research on the effects of e-cigarettes on multiple physiological systems, examine the association between e-cigarette use and combustible cigarette uptake and cessation, and highlight research necessary to build consensus. Although the levels of known toxicants and carcinogens tend to be significantly lower in e-cigarettes than in combustible cigarette smoke, toxicants in e-cigarette e-liquid and those that form as part of the vaporization process may produce adverse health consequences in their own right. Acute effects have been noted in the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and immune systems, which highlight the need for research on long-term exposure. The specific chemical constituents and the levels of those constituents that pose harm remain largely uncharacterized. In addition, the efficacy of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation has yet to be established. As the e-cigarette has evolved rapidly, so has the methodology across studies, making cross-study comparisons more difficult to synthesize. The latest generation of e-cigarette devices deliver nicotine and toxicants at higher levels than earlier devices, especially in experienced users. E-cigarettes pose a risk for nicotine exposure, dependence, and combustible cigarette uptake. E-cigarettes and their delivered toxicants appear harmful to multiple organ systems, although the current body of evidence is limited, especially in terms of long-term effects. Further research is warranted with a focus on individual devices, e-liquid constituents, user characteristics, and patterns of use. Any potential benefit of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation must be weighed against the risks. Given the potential longer-term effects, efforts to prevent e-cigarette use in youth are critical.

show abstract

Nicotine, aerosol particles, carbonyls and volatile organic compounds in tobacco- and menthol-flavored e-cigarettes

Cited by 85 publications

References 37 publications

Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses Induced by Exposure to Commonly Used e-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals and Flavored e-Liquids without Nicotine

Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses Induced by Exposure to Commonly Used e-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals and Flavored e-Liquids without Nicotine

Vaping: The new wave of nicotine addiction

Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on Various Organ Systems

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About