Nicotine dependence and smoking topography among Black and White women

Ahijevych, Karen; Gillespie, Jenise

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-240x(199712)20:6<505::aid-nur5>3.3.co;2-g

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Most previous investigations of racial variation in cotinine levels have either not reported sex-specific results [6,[13][14][15] or have been limited to women [16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Differences in Serum Cotinine Levels of Smokers

et al. 2009

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Abstract. The purpose of this study was to estimate black/white differences in cotinine levels for current smokers of both sexes, and to explore the potential contribution of mentholated cigarettes to these differences. Sera from 255 current smokers sampled from Southern Community Cohort Study participants (65 black men, 65 black women, 63 white men, 62 white women) were analyzed for cotinine, and linear regression was used to model the effect of race on cotinine level, adjusting for the number of cigarettes smoked within the last 24 hours, use of menthol vs. non-menthol cigarettes, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and age. Black smokers smoked fewer cigarettes than white smokers, yet had crude mean cotinine levels nearly as high or higher than white smokers. After multivariate adjustment, cotinine levels were an average of 50 ng/ml higher among black than white women (p = 0.008) and non-significantly 12 ng/ml higher among black than white men (p = 0.52). We observed no increase in cotinine levels associated with menthol cigarette use. We conclude that differences in cotinine levels among smokers suggest racial variation in exposure to and/or metabolism of tobacco smoke constituents, but our findings do not support a role for menthol preference in this disparity.

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“…Most previous investigations of racial variation in cotinine levels have either not reported sex-specific results [6,[13][14][15] or have been limited to women [16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Differences in Serum Cotinine Levels of Smokers

et al. 2009

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“…Racial and ethnic differences in the number of cigarettes smoked per day (cpd; refs. [3][4][5] and in serum cotinine concentration per cigarette smoked have been well established (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). In U.S. studies, non-Hispanic black smokers (hereafter referred to as black) have consistently been found to have higher serum cotinine concentrations per cigarette smoked than non-Hispanic white smokers (hereafter referred to as white; refs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Serum Cotinine Concentration within and across Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Brands among Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White U.S. Adult Smokers, 2001–2006

Caraballo

Holiday

Stellman

et al. 2011

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is examining options for regulating menthol content in cigarettes. There are many pharmacologic properties of menthol that may facilitate exposure to tobacco smoke, and it has been suggested that the preference for menthol cigarettes in black smokers accounts for their higher cotinine levels.Objective: To assess cigarettes smoked per day-adjusted cotinine levels in relation to smoking a menthol or nonmenthol cigarette brand among non-Hispanic black and white U.S. adult smokers under natural smoking conditions.Method: Serum cotinine concentrations were measured in 1,943 smokers participating in the 2001 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). The effect of smoking a menthol brand on cigarettes smoked per day-adjusted serum cotinine levels in these two populations was modeled by adjusting for sex, age, number of smokers living in the home, body weight, time since last smoked, and FTC (Federal Trade Commission)-measured nicotine levels. The 8-or 12-digit Universal Product Code (UPC) on the cigarette label was used to determine the cigarette brand and whether it was menthol.Results: Smoking a menthol cigarette brand versus smoking a nonmenthol cigarette brand was not associated (P ! 0.05) with mean serum cotinine concentration in either black or white smokers.Conclusions: The higher levels of cotinine observed in black smokers compared with white smokers are not explained by their higher preference for menthol cigarette brands.Impact: Further studies like ours are needed to improve our ability to understand health consequences of future changes in tobacco product design. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1329-40. Ó2011 AACR.

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“…Whereas the machine-based testing standards for tar and nicotine have reflected declining yields, smokers have simply adjusted their puffing behavior, or ''smoking topography,'' to maintain their daily nicotine dosage (3)(4)(5). Indeed, laboratory research has shown that puffing behavior is sensitive to cigarette design features such as filter ventilation and nicotine yield (6,7), so that smokers of ''low-yield'' cigarettes take larger, stronger, and more frequent puffs per cigarette than smokers of ''medium'' and ''high-yield'' cigarettes 3 (6,(8)(9)(10). However, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and International Standards Organization (ISO) protocols that determine tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields fail to take compensatory behaviors into account and drastically underestimate human puffing behavior (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking Topography, Brand Switching, and Nicotine Delivery: Results from an In vivo Study

Hammond

Fong

Cummings

et al. 2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

164

152

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Objective: Exposure to toxins in tobacco smoke is influenced by how a cigarette is smoked. Cigarettes have been designed to allow for a range of puffing behavior and to provide different, nonlinear tar and nicotine yields in response to different puffing profiles. However, puffing behavior and its influence upon risk-exposure has yet to be assessed outside the laboratory, in smokers' natural environment. Method: Fifty-nine adult smokers used a portable device to measure smoking topography over the course of three 1-week trials. Participants were asked to smoke their usual ''regular yield'' brand through the device for trial 1 and again, 6 weeks later, at trial 2. Half the subjects were then randomly assigned to switch to a ''low-yield'' brand for trial 3. Results: The findings show a high degree of stability in puffing behavior within the same subject over time but considerable variability between smokers. Smokers who were switched to a ''low-yield'' cigarette increased their total smoke intake per cigarette by 40% (P = 0.007), with no significant change in their salivary cotinine levels. Cigarettes smoked per day and nicotine yield were only weakly associated with salivary cotinine levels; however, salivary cotinine was strongly associated with a composite measure that included cigarettes per day, brand elasticity, and puffing behavior (sr = 0.61, P < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings provide strong evidence of behavioral compensation to low-yield cigarettes from in vivo measures of smoking behavior. The findings also show the importance of brand elasticity and smoking topography in predicting nicotine uptake and smoke exposure. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(6):1370 -5)

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Nicotine dependence and smoking topography among Black and White women

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Racial Differences in Serum Cotinine Levels of Smokers

Racial Differences in Serum Cotinine Levels of Smokers

Comparison of Serum Cotinine Concentration within and across Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Brands among Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White U.S. Adult Smokers, 2001–2006

Smoking Topography, Brand Switching, and Nicotine Delivery: Results from an In vivo Study

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