Nicotine dependence and withdrawal in alcoholic and nonalcoholic ever-smokers

Marks, Judith L.; Hill, Elizabeth M.; Pomerleau, Cynthia S.; Mudd, Sharon A.; Blow, Frederic C.

doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(97)00049-4

Cited by 118 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Research has shown that the vast majority of adults with alcohol problems smoke, 38,39 that alcoholism and binge drinking are related to failure in attempts to quit smoking, 40,41 and that alcoholics are more nicotine dependent and report more withdrawal symptoms during attempts to quit smoking than do nonalcoholics. 42 Furthermore, other factors shown to be associated with smoking, such as dependence on other drugs, 43 depression, and other psychiatric states, 42,44,45 may further complicate identification of the truly hardcore smokers. It is unknown how many smokers in our study are alcoholics, users of other drugs, or individuals with psychiatric illnesses who may express the intention of quitting sometime in the future-thereby eliminating themselves from the hard corebut who realistically will never quit smoking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing and identifying "hard-core" smokers: implications for further reducing smoking prevalence

Emery

Gilpin²,

Ake³

et al. 2000

Am J Public Health

135

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OBJECTIVES: Some smokers may never quit. Depending on how many of these "hard-core" smokers exist, tobacco control efforts could reach the limits of a minimum achievable smoking prevalence. We defined the hard core as heavy smokers with weak quitting histories who expect never to quit smoking. We compared them with other smokers and analyzed whether they represent a meaningful barrier to further reducing smoking prevalence. METHODS: We used data from the 1996 California Tobacco Surveys (18616 adults; response rate = 72.9%). RESULTS: In 1996, 5.2% of California smokers 26 years and older (1.3% of the California population) were hard-core smokers. Compared with other smokers, hard-core smokers were more likely to be retired non-Hispanic White males, with 12 years or less of education and incomes below $30,000 a year, who live alone. They began smoking at younger ages and attributed fewer negative health consequences to smoking than other smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Current tobacco control efforts have a long way to go before they "hit the wall." Nonetheless, the group of hard-core smokers represents a challenge because they appear to be largely unaffected by the messages of tobacco control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing and identifying "hard-core" smokers: implications for further reducing smoking prevalence

Emery

Gilpin²,

Ake³

et al. 2000

Am J Public Health

135

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“…Indeed, studies have identified several predictors of the severity and quality of abstinence effects (Pomerleau, 1997), including psychiatric conditions (Pomerleau, Marks, & Pomerleau, 2000), alcohol problems (Marks, Hill, Pomerleau, Mudd, & Blow, 1997), and gender (Leventhal et al, 2007). It is important to identify predictors of abstinence effects because interventions could be selected based upon a patient's characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between Cloninger's temperament dimensions and acute tobacco withdrawal

Leventhal¹,

Waters²,

Boyd³

et al. 2007

Addictive Behaviors

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This study examined associations between three temperament dimensions measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory-125 (Cloninger, 1992) and tobacco abstinence effects. Smokers (N = 203, ≥15 cig/day) attended two laboratory sessions, one following 12hr of abstinence and the other following ad libitum smoking (order counterbalanced). Participants completed measures of withdrawal symptoms, cigarette urges, and affect. Smokers high in Novelty Seeking reported greater abstinence-induced increases in several nicotine withdrawal symptoms, negative affect, and cigarette craving. Smokers high in Harm Avoidance reported greater abstinence-induced increases in negative affect and urges to smoke to relieve distress. Reward Dependence was not associated with abstinence effects. Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance showed independent predictive associations with negative affect and urges, and their associations with abstinence effects persisted when controlling for FTND scores. Smokers with different temperaments display different patterns of acute tobacco withdrawal, and may benefit from treatments matched to their particular abstinence profile.

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“…In striking contrast, nicotine use/cigarette smoking is virtually unstudied in this regard even though people with alcoholism also have high rates of smoking. Estimates of cigarette smoking among persons with alcoholism range from 47% to 87%, compared to 18% to 28% in the general population in the United States (John et al, 2003;Marks et al, 1997) and approximately 33% globally (World Health Organization, 2002). Nonetheless, nicotine is rarely mentioned in papers where other drugs (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking is associated with neurocognitive deficits in alcoholism☆

Glass

Adams

Nigg

et al. 2006

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background-Impaired problem solving, visual-spatial processing, memory, and cognitive proficiency are consequences of severe alcoholism. Smoking is much more prevalent among alcoholics than the general population, yet the possible neurocognitive effects of cigarette smoking in alcoholism have not been studied, despite evidence that long-term smoking is associated with neurocognitive deficits.Objective-Determine whether smoking contributes to neurocognitive deficits associated with alcoholism.Design-Neurocognitive function was examined in a community-recruited (n = 172) sample of men. Alcohol problems/alcoholism were measured by the lifetime alcohol problems score (LAPS), DSM-IV diagnosis, and monthly drinking rate. Smoking was measured in pack-years. Neurocognitive function was measured with IQ (short version of WAIS-R), and cognitive proficiency (fast, accurate performance).Results-Both alcoholism and smoking were negatively correlated with neurocognitive function. When alcoholism and smoking were included in regression models, smoking remained a significant predictor for both measures, but alcoholism remained significant only for IQ.Conclusions-Both smoking and alcoholism were related to neurocognitive function. Smoking may explain some of the relationship between alcoholism and neurocognitive function, perhaps especially for measures that focus on proficiency. Future studies are necessary to more fully understand the effects of smoking on neurocognitive function in alcoholism.

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Nicotine dependence and withdrawal in alcoholic and nonalcoholic ever-smokers

Cited by 118 publications

References 22 publications

Characterizing and identifying "hard-core" smokers: implications for further reducing smoking prevalence

Characterizing and identifying "hard-core" smokers: implications for further reducing smoking prevalence

Associations between Cloninger's temperament dimensions and acute tobacco withdrawal

Smoking is associated with neurocognitive deficits in alcoholism☆

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