Nicotine intake and dose response when smoking reduced–nicotine content cigarettes

Benowitz, Neal L.; Jacob, Peyton; Herrera, Brenda

doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.007

Cited by 103 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…That most smokers compensate little or not at all when the nicotine content of cigarette tobacco is reduced in the absence of changes in tar and other characteristics of the cigarette was observed in another study of smoking single cigarettes with variable nicotine content conducted in our laboratory (23), as well in a study by Rose et al (24). If the smoker finds it is very difficult to extract nicotine from a cigarette, he or she may give up trying and accept lower doses of nicotine, gradually reducing their level of dependence.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure with Smoking of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarette

Benowitz

Hall

Stewart

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

138

151

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Background: Reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes to make them non-addictive has been widely discussed as a potential strategy for tobacco regulation. A major concern with nicotine reduction is that smokers will compensate for reduced nicotine by smoking more cigarettes and/or smoking more intensively, thereby increasing their exposure to tobacco smoke toxins. This study examined whether gradual reduction in nicotine exposure increases exposure to tobacco smoke toxins. Methods: This 10-week longitudinal study of 20 healthy smokers involved smoking their usual brand followed by different types of research cigarettes with progressively lower nicotine content, each smoked for 1 week. Subjects were followed for 4 weeks after returning to smoking their usual brand (or quitting). Smoking behaviors, chemical biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure, and cardiovascular effect biomarkers were measured. Findings: Intake of nicotine declined progressively as the nicotine content of cigarettes was reduced, with

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure with Smoking of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarette

Benowitz

Hall

Stewart

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

138

151

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Therefore, HS-Nicotine yield can be estimated from the HST time and the correlation between smoking time and smoke nicotine yield obtained from a machine-smoking regime. As demonstrated in this study, in line with the results of other publications (22,29), the exposure depends essentially on the speed at which the cigarette is smoked. An increase of the human smoking intensity, resulting in a decrease in smoking time, generates an increase of smoke exposure, whatever the puff number, puff duration, puff volume and filter ventilation open or blocked.…”

Section: Estimation Of Human Smoking Nicotine Yields Using Smoking Timesupporting

confidence: 91%

Assessment of Nicotine Exposure From Active Human Cigarette Smoking Time

Cahours¹,

Julien²,

Verron³

et al. 2017

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYThe burning of a cigarette is a series of consecutive sequences of both passive and active burnings when a smoking cycle is applied to the cigarette. A previous study, using a smoking machine, showed that cigarette nicotine yields are dependent linearly on the difference between the time of smouldering (passive burning) and the time of smoking (active burning). It is predicted that the smoker's nicotine yield increases when the intensity of smoking increases, i.e., when the time to smoke a cigarette (smoking time) decreases. Note that observations made on machines might not be comparable to human behaviours. The aim of this study was to determine whether nicotine mouth-level exposure could be predicted through measurement of human smoking time. A smoking behaviour study was conducted to compare human smoking nicotine yields obtained from both filter tip analysis and the cigarette burning time model. Results showed that smokers' exposure to the smoke depends essentially on the speed at which the cigarette is smoked. An increase in human smoking intensity, resulting in a decrease in smoking time, generates an increase in smoke exposure, whatever the puff number, puff duration, puff volume and filter ventilation (open or blocked). The association of a machine smoking yield with a corresponding smoking time, and the time taken by a consumer to smoke the cigarette would provide information on the exposure to smoke constituents in a simple and effective manner. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 27 (2017)

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“…In addition, a 2-day study found an initial increase in puff behavior, which dissipated after several smoking bouts (56). Two studies have examined changes in smoking behavior measured for a single cigarette, one of which found no differences in puff number (12), the other found significantly lower puffing intensity for all 3 Quest brands compared with usual brand smoking (36). Overall, this findings add to the evidence that smokers do not respond or compensate for cigarettes with markedly reduced nicotine content and that any initial attempts dissipate over repeated use (37).…”

Section: Smoking Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of cigarettes with very low nicotine content seem to result in genuine reductions in nicotine delivery and attenuate physiological effects of nicotine, such as increases in heart rate and EEG activity (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). De-nicotinized cigarettes have also been found to reduce symptoms of nicotine withdrawal normally associated with tobacco abstinence (11,15,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the majority of studies have examined compensatory responses to reduced-nicotine cigarettes among subjects smoking a single de-nicotinized cigarette. Two of these studies reported increases in puffing intensity from de-nicotinized cigarettes (35,36), whereas several others reported either no significant changes or a decrease in the intensity of puffing behavior and/or carbon monoxide (CO) levels (11,12,14,17,22,34,37). Among the few studies that have followed smokers over several days, none reported increases in consumption of reduced-nicotine cigarettes compared with usual brand smoking and 2 studies reported reductions in consumption (17,37,38).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes: Smoking Behavior and Biomarkers of Exposure among Smokers Not Intending to Quit

Hammond

O’Connor

2014

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: The U.S. FDA has the authority to limit the nicotine content of cigarettes; however, there are concerns that reduced nicotine cigarettes will be smoked more intensely and, therefore, will increase exposure to toxic chemicals in smoke. This study examined changes in consumer behavior and exposure in response to cigarettes with substantially reduced nicotine content.Methods: Seventy-two adult smokers completed an unblinded trial of reduced nicotine cigarettes. Participants completed a 7-day baseline period during which they smoked their usual cigarette brand, followed by consecutive 7-day periods smoking cigarettes with progressively lower nicotine levels (0.6, 0.3, and 0.05 mg emission Quest cigarettes). Nicotine dependence and withdrawal, smoking behavior, and biomarkers of exposure were assessed for each 7-day period.Results: Significant reductions in nicotine intake were observed between usual brand smoking ($1.2 mg nicotine) and the 0.3 and 0.05 mg nicotine emission cigarettes, but not the 0.6 mg cigarette. The findings provide little evidence of compensatory smoking of Quest cigarettes, with no increases in exhaled breath carbon monoxide levels, smoking intensity, or levels of 1-hydroxypyrene across study periods. No significant differences were observed for smoking urges or measures of nicotine dependence.Conclusions: The study adds to the evidence that cigarettes with markedly reduced nicotine content are not associated with increased smoking intensity or exposure to smoke toxicants.Impact: The findings add to the evidence base on reduced nicotine content cigarettes and have the potential to inform FDA policy on nicotine levels. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(10); 2032-40. Ó2014 AACR.

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Nicotine intake and dose response when smoking reduced–nicotine content cigarettes

Cited by 103 publications

References 15 publications

Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure with Smoking of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarette

Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure with Smoking of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarette

Assessment of Nicotine Exposure From Active Human Cigarette Smoking Time

Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes: Smoking Behavior and Biomarkers of Exposure among Smokers Not Intending to Quit

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