“…It can also be stated that our results are fully comparable with the state of the art on ADS/IDS systems based on binary classifiers, which need to be trained with inputs from both classes (normal) and anomaly. In fact, [4]- [7] adopts KNN and ANN models and obtains an accuracy of 97% (only on KDD99 dataset); in [9]- [13] and [42], authors report the results of binary classifiers applied on UNSW-NB15 highlighting mean accuracy level around 95% with also some high FPR rate; in [14]- [16] and [43] it is reported a comparison of supervised machine learning (SVM, DT, DA) and deep learning (ANN, CNN, Autoencoder) models applied to CSE-CIC-IDS-2018, reveling an accuracy level close to 98%, for binary classifiers; in [35] the authors report the results of binary classifier applied on EDGE-IIOTSET 2022 using different type of machine learning (DT, RF, SVM) and deep learning (DNN) methods that provide an accuracy level of 99%. Summarizing, our method reaches a very similar level of detection performance, with low FPR respect some of Note that, in order not have dependency issues with respect to the computational platform, the SVM and ELM models have been re-implemented following the design specifications reported by the authors cited in Section A.II.…”