“…The presence of the C–N/CN bond indicates that the nitrogen atoms were successfully doped into the lattice of the carbon atoms, which facilitates the exposure of the active sites. , The N 1s energy spectrum shown in Figure c is divided into four prominent peaks containing pyridine-N (398.6 eV), pyrrole-N (399.1 eV), graphitic-N (401.1 eV), and oxidized-N (402.1 eV). Because of the mutual doping of C and N, the two atoms can influence the spin density and charge distribution, which leads to an increase in the stability of the carbon carriers and promotes the ORR/OER reaction process. , The high-resolution XPS convolution of O 1s in Figure d shows three fitted peaks with three types of O: lattice oxygen (O L , ∼531.1 eV), oxygen vacancies (O v , ∼531.9 eV), and chemisorbed oxygen (O c , ∼533.2 eV) . As shown in Figure e,f, the high-resolution Fe 2p spectra show two pairs of peaks for Fe 2+ (709.3 and 721.8 eV) and Fe 3+ (712.9 and 726.1 eV).…”