Nighttime driving, passenger transport, and injury crash rates of young drivers

Rice, T. M.; Peek‐Asa, Corinne; Kraus, Jess F.

doi:10.1136/ip.9.3.245

Cited by 101 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Indeed, survival from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests was reported to be poor during the night‐time and on holidays in Japan 12. In addition, traffic accidents occurring during holidays and weekends and at night are frequently associated with alcohol, drugs, and drowsy driving, and tend to involve severely injured victims, which may be related to the difficulty in finding hospitals to receive patients 13, 14, 15. Medical resource allocation is one of the important issues in an emergency medical system, and both medical institutions and local governments must arrange a system such that emergency patients can be transported and accepted without delay 24 h a day, 7 days a week.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of factors associated with the difficulty in finding receiving hospitals for traffic accident patients at the scene treated by emergency medical services: a population‐based study in Osaka City, Japan

Katayama

Kitamura

Kiyohara

et al. 2017

Acute Medicine & Surgery

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AimAlthough the prolongation of the time between injury and hospital arrival of traffic accident patients can influence their prognosis, factors associated with the difficulty in hospital acceptance of these patients have not been sufficiently evaluated in Japan.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the population‐based ambulance records of all traffic accident patients for whom the Osaka Municipal Fire Department (Osaka City, Japan) dispatched an ambulance in 2013. We defined “cases with difficulty in hospital acceptance” as cases that required ≥4 calls by emergency medical service personnel at the scene before receiving hospital acceptance. We included patient characteristics (age, sex, coma status, and trauma severity judged by emergency medical service personnel), time factors (day/night or weekday/holiday and weekends), and accident location for multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess factors associated with the difficulty in hospital acceptance.ResultsAmong 13,427 traffic accident patients, 2,033 (15.1%) were cases with difficulty in hospital acceptance. Pediatric patients (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.265; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.060–1.509), male sex (adjusted OR, 1.260; 95% CI, 1.135–1.398), moderate‐grade trauma (adjusted OR, 2.241; 95% CI, 1.972–2.547), severe‐grade trauma (adjusted OR, 2.057; 95% CI, 1.249–3.388), holidays and weekends (adjusted OR, 1.702; 95% CI, 1.539–1.882), and night‐time (adjusted OR, 2.720; 95% CI, 2.443–3.027) were positively associated with difficulty in hospital acceptance.ConclusionsUsing population‐based ambulance records from a large urban community in Japan, we showed that the difficulty in hospital acceptance of patients at the scene of traffic accidents was positively associated with several prehospital factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of factors associated with the difficulty in finding receiving hospitals for traffic accident patients at the scene treated by emergency medical services: a population‐based study in Osaka City, Japan

Katayama

Kitamura

Kiyohara

et al. 2017

Acute Medicine & Surgery

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“…26,27 The importance of supervisor age is underscored by data from Chen et al, 27 who found the highest case-fatality rates of 16-year-old drivers in crashes when passengers aged 20 to 29 years were present. This might be related to the fact that older passengers may legally buy alcohol and (illegally) provide it to underage drinkers, although Rice et al 28 indicated that the presence of adults aged 20 to 29 was associated with severe or fatal injury among 16-and 17-year-old drivers even when alcohol use was controlled for. Williams and Shabanova 29 reported that teen drivers were less likely to use seat belts when passengers were in their 20s, and recommended that passenger restrictions not be waived unless there is a supervisor Ն30 years of age.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Graduated Driver Licensing Programs and Fatal Crashes of 16-Year-Old Drivers: A National Evaluation

2006

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CONTEXT. Implementation of graduated driver licensing programs is associated with reductions in crash rates of young drivers, but graduated driver licensing programs vary in their components. The impact of programs with different components is unknown.OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to determine which graduated driver licensing programs are associated with the greatest reductions in fatal motor vehicle crashes involving 16-year-old drivers.METHODS. We conducted a retrospective study of all 16-year-old drivers involved in fatal crashes in the United States from 1994 through 2004 using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the US Census Bureau. We measured incidence rate ratios of fatal motor vehicle crashes involving 16-year-old drivers according to graduated driver licensing programs, adjusted for state and year.RESULTS. Compared with state quarters with no graduated driver licensing program components, reductions of 16% to 21% in fatal crash involvement rates of 16-year-old drivers occurred with programs that included Ն3-month mandatory waiting period, nighttime driving restriction, and either Ն30 hours of supervised driving or passenger restriction. Reductions of 18% to 21% occurred in state quarters with programs that included Ն5 of the 7 components examined. Drivers aged 20 to 24 or 25 to 29 years did not experience significant reductions.CONCLUSION. Comprehensive graduated driver licensing programs are associated with reductions of ϳ20% in 16-year-old drivers' fatal crash involvement rates. The greatest benefit seems to be associated with programs that include age requirements and Ն3 months of waiting before the intermediate stage, nighttime driving restriction, and either Ն30 hours of supervised driving or passenger restriction. Evaluations of GDL programs comparing rates before and after GDL implementation in individual states have reported reductions in crash rates of novice drivers that ranged from 11% to 32%. 2-10 However, previous evaluations have not taken advantage of the unique environment of the United States that makes it possible to compare programs among states, with attention to their specific components. Recently, Dee et al 11 reported a 6% reduction nationally in crash fatalities of 15-to 17-yearolds associated with GDL programs. The greatest reductions (19%) were in states with programs ranked "good" by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety using a system based on the presence and strength of components considered as desirable. 11,12 The type of analysis used by Dee et al 11 does not make it possible to compare programs with different combinations of program components.State GDL programs differ with respect to which components are included and in the specific requirements of each component, such as the required number of hours of supervised driving. Evaluation of the separate components of GDL is not possible, because in most states, several components have been introduced or changed simultaneously, making it impossible to separate their effects. Therefor...

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“…Both male and female young drivers experience this increased risk (Chen et al, 2000;Doherty, Andrey, & MacGregor, 1998). Although crash risk is elevated when teenage drivers carry sameage peers, adult passengers reduce the risk of a crash for young, beginning drivers (Aldridge et al, 1999;Ouimet et al, 2010;Rice, Peek-Asa, & Kraus, 2003). Passengers' sex also appears to be related to young drivers' crash risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Effect of Passengers on Teen Driver Behavior

Goodwin¹,

Foss²,

O’Brien³

2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Type of Report andFinal ReportPeriod Covered Sponsoring Agency Code Supplementary Notes16. Abstract A number of studies have shown that passengers substantially increase the risk of crashes for young, novice drivers. This increased risk may result from distractions that young passengers create for drivers. Alternatively, the presence of passengers may increase the likelihood of teenage drivers engaging in explicitly risky behaviors, for example, by actively encouraging drivers to take risks. A better understanding of how transporting peers contributes to young driver increased crash risk will help develop strategies to reduce this risk. NHTSA analyzed data collected through an earlier naturalistic driving study (Goodwin, Foss, Margolis, & Waller, 2010). Over a 6-month study period, event-based data recorders collected 24,085 driving clips, of which 4,466 were selected for analysis. The sample included 52 drivers: 38 newly licensed teens and 14 high-school-age siblings.Risky driving behaviors by teenage drivers were more common while they were driving in the presence of teenage peers. Teenage drivers were twoand-a-half times more likely to engage in one or more potentially risky behaviors when driving with one teenage peer compared to when driving alone. When driving with multiple teenage peers the likelihood increased to 3 times. Some of the mechanisms commonly thought to explain the increased crash risk when carrying passengers were rare, such as instances of deliberate encouragement for the drivers to take risks. Rather, helpful statements on the part of passengers were 10 times more common than statements encouraging risk-taking behavior. These findings suggest the mere presence of peers may have influenced risky driving behaviors more than deliberate encouragement.Several potential distractions were common when teenage peers were present. Loud conversation was 5 times more likely and horseplay was 9 times more likely with multiple teenage passengers in the vehicle compared to when a parent/adult was present. Other distractions, such as loud music and electronic device use, were less common in the presence of passengers.This study had several limitations. First, teens may have changed their driving behavior because of the presence of the data recorders. Second, the sample was small, included a disproportionate percentage of females, and was overrepresented by families with higher-level educations and higher incomes. These sample characteristics suggest caution in generalizing the findings to teenage drivers broadly. A number of studies have shown that passengers substantially increase the risk of a crash for young, novice drivers. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which passengers influence teen driver behavior. The increased risk of a crash may result from distractions that young passengers inevitably create for drivers. Alternately, the presence of passengers may increase the likelihood of explicitly risky driving behaviors. Whether passengers actively encourage the driver to take risks -or ...

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Nighttime driving, passenger transport, and injury crash rates of young drivers

Cited by 101 publications

References 29 publications

Evaluation of factors associated with the difficulty in finding receiving hospitals for traffic accident patients at the scene treated by emergency medical services: a population‐based study in Osaka City, Japan

Evaluation of factors associated with the difficulty in finding receiving hospitals for traffic accident patients at the scene treated by emergency medical services: a population‐based study in Osaka City, Japan

Graduated Driver Licensing Programs and Fatal Crashes of 16-Year-Old Drivers: A National Evaluation

The Effect of Passengers on Teen Driver Behavior

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