The carcinogen-treated cockerel is a model for studying the early stages of arteriosclerotic plaque development. Carcinogen administration accelerates arteriosclerotic plaque development in cockerels, and transforming elements are present in DNA from advanced human plaques. In this study, we asked whether transforming elements could also be detected at early stages of plaque development in cockerels. Under these conditions the SMCs involved in plaque formation are regarded as indistinguishable (except for receipt of stimuli that cause proliferation) from the rest of the arterial wall SMCs. According to this view, it is the availability of mitogens or other modulators of cell division rather than any unique property of the responding arterial SMCs that determines whether intimal SMC proliferation and subsequent plaque development will occur.