Nine years of comparative effectiveness research education and training: initiative supported by the PhRMA Foundation

Abstract

The term comparative effectiveness research (CER) took center stage with passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009). The companion US$1.1 billion in funding prompted the launch of initiatives to train the scientific workforce capable of conducting and using CER. Passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) focused these initiatives on patients, coining the term ‘patient-centered outcomes research’ (PCOR). Educational and training initiatives were soon launched. This report describes the initiative of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association of America (PhRMA) Foundation. Through provision of grant funding to six academic Centers of Excellence, to spearheading and sponsoring three national conferences, the PhRMA Foundation has made significant contributions to creation of the scientific workforce that conducts and uses CER/PCOR.

"A New Vision to Efficacy, Comparative Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness Research in Nursing"

“…Comparing different types of clinical purposes [6] Focusing on evidence-based care to make informed decisions by patients and healthcare providers in diverse health environments [14] Has a special place in health care decision making [20,21] Providing the best evidence for optimizing patient care [22,23] Providing an appropriate setting for improving health at the individual and social levels [24] Providing patient-centered care with more trustworthiness and applicability [21,25] Creating many global opportunities and reducing patient's financial burden and maintaining their optimal health [26] Focusing on evidence-based methods provides the opportunity to use achieved evidences in real clinical environments based on investments and planning of care providers, patients, and stakeholders [27] Needs for systematic reviews, with the least bias, to make reliability and facilitate the use of findings standardly to identify and summarize the body of available evidence knowledge [28] Producing scientific knowledge about health interventions by means of powerful meta-analysis of strong and stable primary studies [29] Creating a base to conduct implementation researches in order to prove the usefulness of sufficient, reliable and valuable evidence produced through comparative effectiveness studies [30] Examining Direct and Indirect Care Costs [28] Determining both effectiveness and cost of a particular and rare care or intervention compared to routine health care by cost-effectiveness analysis [8,14,31] Devoting a part of comprehensive comparative effectiveness evaluation study to cost effectiveness research, including economic appraisal tools for analysis [8].…”

“…(Table1)[6][7][16][17][18] indicates a comparison of efficacy and effectiveness studies. (Table1)[6][7][16][17][18]] Also considering two types of studies in effectiveness research scope that can play an important role in determining health policies at national levels, (Table2)[6][7][8][9][13][14][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] presents comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness studies separately.…”

Comparative effectiveness and patient-centered outcomes research: enhancing uptake and use by patients, clinicians and payers

“…The overarching goal of the conference was to advance the use of CER/PCOR by patients, clinicians and other decision-makers by identifying the needs of users and promoting best practices for the education of users of CER and PCOR. This issue of CER includes several articles that stem from that conference [10,11]. A full description of the conference presentations and participants is available at the PhRMA Foundation website [12].…”